Items tagged “cases”

A blast crisis or lymphoid blast crisis refers to the transition of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia to acute leukemia. It is usually characterized by ≥30% blasts in the bone marrow or peripheral blood or development of extramedullary disease outside of the spleen Among p...

Dent disease is a very rare inherited renal disorder that is characterized by proximal tubule dysfunction. Clinical presentation polyuria hypercalciuria, renal stones and nephrocalcinosis proteinuria, although not presenting with nephrotic syndrome glucosuria aminoaciduria phosphaturia c...

GABAA receptor antibody (anti-GABAAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis characterized by a severe seizure disorder and distinctive radiographic features. Epidemiology Given the rarity of the condition, epidemiological data pertaining to anti-GABAAR encephalitis is not well established...

Night sweats, also known as sleep hyperhidrosis, are a common clinical complaint and may herald malignancy, especially lymphoma, or infections. Patients typically report waking up in the night with sweating so severe that their clothes and bed sheets are soaked through ("drenching sweats") and n...

Distal biceps tendon injuries refer to strains, partial and complete tears of the distal biceps tendon complex. Epidemiology Distal biceps tendon injuries are far less common than injuries to the proximal biceps tendon with an incidence of approximately 1.2/100000 1,2. They typically occur in ...

Achard-Thiers syndrome is a rare condition in elderly postmenopausal females, which is illustrated by androgen excess and insulin resistance secondary to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical presentation hirsutism in older females high serum glucose levels proteinuria glucosuria polyuria hy...

Reduced leaflet motion refers to an abnormally decreased mobility of one or more valvular leaflets and is a phenomenon that has been observed after (transcatheter) implantation of prosthetic heart valves and gained clinical significance for the diagnosis of subclinical leaflet thrombosis. Epide...

The Heidelberg bleeding classification categorizes intracranial hemorrhages (hemorrhagic transformation) occurring after ischemic stroke and reperfusion therapy. Anatomic description Class 1: hemorrhagic transformation of infarcted brain tissue 1a: HI1: scattered small petechiae, no mass effe...

Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism is a form of particulate material pulmonary embolism which in turn falls under non-thrombolic pulmonary emboli. Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism occurs in the setting of: oily chemoembolisation of tumors  hepatocellular carcinoma 1,3 lymphangiography 4 hyster...

Peripheral T cell lymphoma is an uncommon, heterogeneous group of lymphoma. It can account for around 5-15% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Terminology The word "peripheral" does not mean involvement in the extremities but refers to tumor cells that arise from lymphoid tissue outside of the bon...

Subependymal cysts may either be postnatally acquired post-hemorrhagic cysts or may be congenital (germinolytic). The congenital cysts may result from infection, ischemic injury, or hemorrhage. Epidemiology Subependymal cysts are most frequently seen in preterm infants, likely related to their...

The flame sign refers to a gradual tapering of contrast opacification in the mid-cervical internal carotid artery, sparing the carotid bulb. The sign can be observed on angiography (digital subtraction angiography 1, CT angiography 1, or contrast-enhanced MR angiography 2) in either of two scena...

Acute encephalopathy is a general term that describes the clinical presentation of a patient with acute cerebral dysfunction. It is usually caused by viral infections, metabolic disorders, dysfunction of the liver or kidneys, or hypertension. Acute encephalopathy may occur in adults and childre...

Ventricular arrhythmias are potentially very dangerous cardiac arrhythmias arising from the cardiac ventricles that require immediate attention and medical care and include the following rhythms: premature ventricular complexes ventricular tachycardia torsades de pointes ventricular flutter ...

Calcinosis of chronic renal failure is a rare cause of soft tissue calcifications in hemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure. This condition is characterized by the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the periarticular soft tissues, resulting in large calcified masses. Terminol...

Lobular capillary hemangioma of the nasal cavity, also known as nasal pyogenic granuloma, is an uncommon benign, rapidly growing vascular neoplasm of the nasal cavity. Terminology The term “pyogenic granuloma” is a misnomer due to its lack of infectious origin according to histological and mic...

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that affects central vision. It occurs when aging causes damage to the macula. The macula is responsible for fine detailed vision also known as central vision.

Talar tilt is a measurement of the angle between the talus and the distal tibia, used in the assessment of ankle instability and ankle osteoarthritis (OA). Usage Talar tilt is an important measurement in the assessment of ankle osteoarthritis. It is measured as part of the Kellgren and Lawrenc...

Medial cuneiform-fifth metatarsal height is the distance between the most inferior part of the medial cuneiform and the most inferior part of the base of the 5th metatarsal and is used to evaluate the height and integrity of the medial vertical arch 1. Usage Medial cuneiform-fifth metatarsal h...

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a group of hemolytic anemias characterized by an antibody response to red blood cells. It can present as acute or chronic anemia. It can be idiopathic or can occur with other disorders. Several types have been described: warm-antibody type anemia (WAIHA)  cold-a...