Items tagged “cases”

Tubulointerstitial nephritis is a condition where the inflammation is mainly in or around the renal tubules. It may be acute or chronic. Epidemiology Tubulointerstitial nephritis may affect any age group ranging from pediatric to adult. Pathology Etiology Tubulointerstitial nephritis can ar...

The sharp mediastinum sign is a unique sign in neonatal chest x-rays for medial pneumothoraces or pneumomediastinum, especially as a complication to mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Radiographic features Plain radiograph As neonatal chest x-rays are taken with t...

Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) injuries are far less common than other lateral collateral ligament injuries of the ankle and almost always occur with other injuries 1. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is ~10% (range 4-20%) on MRI in patients with ankle injuries 1,4,6. Pathology On...

Cri du chat syndrome is a rare congenital disorder caused by the deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. A high-pitched monotonous cry is the significant characteristic finding 1. Epidemiology Cri du chat syndrome is rare with an incidence of 1 in 15,000-50,000 births 1. Clinical presentat...

Sinus tarsi "see-through" sign is a radiological sign noted in pes cavus and/or hindfoot varus with the alignment of the sinus tarsi parallel to the x-ray beam resulting in the ability to "see-through" the sinus tarsi on lateral foot x-rays 1,2.

Distal humerus physeal separation is seen in children under 3 years and is often associated with non-accidental injury 1. Clinical presentation The child will usually present with a reduced range of motion with swelling and ecchymosis around the joint 2. Pathology The injury can occur durin...

Os interphalangeus is an ossicle present in the plantar aspect of interphalangeal joint of great toe 1. The ossicle can be present either centrally or eccentrically within the joint capsule and is separated from the flexor hallucis longus tendon by a bursa. Radiographic features Plain radiogra...

Pseudohypoxic brain swelling, also known as postoperative intracranial hypotension-associated venous congestion, is a rare condition with restricted diffusion on MRI in the basal ganglia and thalami following surgery. This can mimic cerebral hypoxic changes in the absence of vascular pathology. ...

The middle clunal nerve is a sensory nerve that originates from S1-S4 1. It travels underneath the long posterior sacroiliac ligament (LPSL) and passes between the posterior superior iliac spine and posterior inferior iliac spine to course over the iliac crest 1. It supplies sensation to the lum...

Soleal sling syndrome is a rare tibial nerve entrapment syndrome. More commonly the tibial nerve gets entrapped in the tarsal tunnel. In soleal sling syndrome, the nerve gets compressed under the tendinous arch at the origin of soleus muscle 1. Clinical presentation Can present with numbness i...

Denervation pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles is a rare cause of unilateral limb swelling. It is important to exclude and consider other causes for this presentation. Clinical presentation This condition usually presents as painless unilateral calf swelling. Pathology More commonly, denerva...

The femoro-epiphyseal acetabular roof (FEAR) index is a radiographic measurement to help identify clinical hip microinstability in acetabular dysplasia. Usage The FEAR index should be used in conjunction with clinical and other radiographic features for the identification of clinically unstabl...

The humeral head bare area is the posterosuperior surface of the humeral head that is not covered by cartilage, limited anteriorly by the cartilage and posteriorly by the insertion of the infraspinatus tendon. It lies between the articular cartilage of the humeral head and the synovial reflectio...

The intertransversarii muscles are small and short muscles found in the deepest layer of the intrinsic back muscles extending between the transverse processes of adjacent cervical and lumbar vertebrae. The cervical intertransversarii are subdivided into seven pairs of anterior and posterior musc...

Attenuation imaging is an emerging method (c.2022) used for detection hepatic steatosis. It provides the function of quantifying and reducing the color code of liver decay factors, which may be due to changes in hepatic composition (such as increased fat content) 1-3. The ATI value is defined a...

Chronic elbow instability presents with pain, apprehension or subluxation of the elbow joint on movement with three types recognized: valgus, posterolateral, and posteromedial. Clinical presentation Patients present with pain, apprehension on movement and subluxation of the elbow joint. In va...

The customized glenoid prosthesis is a shoulder joint replacement that addresses glenoid osteoarthritis with severe glenoid bone loss. Indications Indications for custom-reverse implants are related to patient functional demand and remaining bone stock, not recommended in patients with reduced...

Locked knee is characterized by the inability of the patient to extend the knee. The most common cause for obstruction is bucket handle tears of the meniscus 1. Other causes for obstruction include cruciate ligament stumps, osteochondral fractures, synovial plicae, loose bodies and gouty tophi 2...

Medial malleolar bursitis is a rare cause of ankle pain 1. The medial malleolar bursa is an adventitial bursa that may develop over the medial malleolus usually due to wearing footwear that tightly encloses ankles and is commonly seen in figure skating and ice hockey players 2. This often leads ...

Posterior tibial slope (PTS) is the slope of the tibial plateau from anterior to posterior relative to the longitudinal axis of the tibia. Usage Posterior tibial slope can affect knee range of motion, flexion gap, knee joint stability, ACL ligament stability and posterior femoral rollback 1,2....