Items tagged “cases”

Chronic myocarditis is a prolonged or ongoing myocardial inflammation in the setting of non-dilated or mildly dilated cardiomyopathy 1-5. There have been significant differences concerning the exact definition of the concept as well as the time interval after the onset of symptoms, with the latt...

Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) is a very rare adult-onset form of glycogen storage disease type IV with characteristic clinicoradiological features. Epidemiology Adult polyglucosan body disease is considered very rare 1,2, but the exact incidence is not known and it may often be misdia...

Frontotemporal brain sagging syndrome (FBSS) is an uncommon presentation of spontaneous intracranial hypotension where the dominant clinical features are neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms that can be mistaken for frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Clinical presentation Patients with frontote...

Hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity (HBSL) is a very rare inherited autosomal recessive leukodystrophy characterized mainly by progressive early-onset lower limb-predominant spasticity. Epidemiology HBSL is extremely rare, although the exact incidence ...

Sheehan vessels refer to vessels that arise from neovascularity that develops due to pulmonary hypertension, particularly, but not exclusively, in the context of Eisenmenger syndrome. Pathology The exact pathogenesis of Sheehan vessels has not been fully elucidated, but it is felt that neovasc...

Patellofemoral arthroplasties (PFA) are orthopedic procedures where the patella and femoral trochlear articular surface are replaced by prostheses 1. This differs from unicompartmental knee arthroplasties, which replace the medial or lateral articular surface of the knee 1. Globally, PFAs make u...

Angelman syndrome refers to a genetic and neurodevelopmental condition principally affecting the central nervous system. Epidemiology The reported estimated incidence can variable ranging from around 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 12,000 live births. No definite gender predilection has been described. C...

T1 hyperintense renal lesions are a group of lesions that show high signal characteristics on T1-weighted MRI compared to the adjacent normal renal parenchyma. The differential diagnoses for this group include: hemorrhagic and/or highly proteinaceous renal cyst papillary renal cell carcinoma ...

The patellophyseal (PP) index is an alternative technique to measure the patellar height on both x-ray and MRI as the physeal line can be seen on both imaging modalities 1. Usage The PP index is a variation on the patellotrochlear index that can be used on radiographs. It is an indirect measur...

The term bronchocele indicates focal bronchial dilatation and is often associated with mucoid impaction and impaired ventilation. Pathology Bronchoceles can be congenital (e.g. bronchial atresia) or acquired due to retained secretions or proximal obstruction (e.g. endobronchial tumor) 1. Radi...

Bronchomalacia describes weak bronchial cartilage which allows excessive airway collapsibility, best demonstrated on dynamic CT in forced expiration 1. Importantly, substantial collapse can occur in normal healthy individuals and there is considerable overlap so that CT appearances alone are non...

A leukemoid reaction refers to a marked increase in white blood cells (>50000 cells/mL), typically neutrophils, which manifests as an acute inflammatory reaction that can mimic leukemia. Pathology Leukemoid reactions often occur from accelerated release of cells from the bone marrow. Features...

The string of pearls sign is a radiological sign described in Susac syndrome. The string of pearls sign is seen on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) whereby there are multiple punctate microinfarcts topographically located along the internal capsule 1-3. These are always accompanied by similar i...

Foix-Chavany-Marie syndrome, also known as bilateral anterior opercular syndrome or anterior operculum syndrome, is a cortical form of pseudobulbar palsy classically caused by bilateral anterior opercular lesions. Clinical presentation The clinical presentation is of pseudobulbar palsy that is...

The vasa vasorum represents the supporting microvasculature of the larger caliber arteries and veins of the body. Gross anatomy The vasa vasorum has two subtypes in humans 2,3: arterial vasa vasorum: arises from various arteries based on anatomical location (e.g. intercostal arteries for desc...

Heterozygous HTRA1-related cerebral small vessel disease, also known as cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy type 2 (CADASIL2), is a very rare monogenic cerebral small vessel disease. Heterozygous HTRA1-related cerebral small vessel disease ...

Penetrating trauma is a type of trauma in which a foreign body or bodies penetrate the skin, create a wound and injure the deeper tissues. The foreign body can remain in the patient or can exit the patient, either through the same entry wound (e.g. knife stabbing) or via a separate exit wound (t...

The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) consensus recommendation for the management of incidentally detected gallbladder polyps was published in 2021 1. Usage The SRU consensus recommendation is one of many guidelines for the management of incidentally detected gallbladder polyps. The ...

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, potentially lethal, multisystemic disorder, characterized by congenital immunocompromise with susceptibility to bacterial infections, a bleeding diathesis, partial albinism affecting the skin and eyes, and gradual neurological decline 2,3. Epidemiology The e...

The cloverleaf sign is an MRI sign of deep infiltrating endometriosis described in one case series 1. It is detectable on T2W sequences in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes when at least three organs (uterus, ovaries, rectum, bowel loops, etc.) are brought closer by constrictive adhesions and ...