Items tagged “cases”
5,514 results found
Article
Congenital facial palsy
A congenital facial palsy is an uncommon cause of neonatal asymmetric crying facies, which are more frequently due to absence or hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle, often associated with other congenital anomalies.
Epidemiology
Congenital facial palsy is reported with an incidence...
Article
Cotton wool appearance (bone)
The cotton wool appearance is a plain film sign of Paget disease and results from thickened, disorganised trabeculae which lead to areas of sclerosis in a previously lucent area of bone, typically the skull. These sclerotic patches are poorly defined and fluffy.
See also
Other Paget disease re...
Article
Cowdry bodies
Cowdry bodies are eosinophilic or basophilic neuronal intranuclear inclusions composed of nucleic acid and protein, this cytopathic changes are considered a hallmark of viral infection.1.
Pathology
Cowdry bodies are in fact fixation artifacts and not directly the result of the intracellular vi...
Article
Craniopharyngioma (historical)
Craniopharyngioma is a term used to denote two separate entities (adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas and papillary craniopharyngiomas), both relatively benign (WHO grade 1) neoplasms that typically arise in the sellar/suprasellar region.
Terminology
Until the 5th edition (2021) of the WHO cla...
Article
Cystic mediastinal masses
The differential diagnosis for cystic masses of the mediastinum include:
foregut duplication cysts
bronchogenic cyst
oesophageal duplication cyst
neuroenteric cyst
pericardial cyst
meningocele
lymphangioma
thymic cyst
cystic teratoma of mediastinum
cystic degeneration of an intrathorac...
Article
Cystic renal diseases
Cystic renal disease can be confusing. There are many conditions, many of which have similar names or are eponymous, and with a few exceptions, are relatively rare. It is easiest to think of them into two separate demographic:
paediatric cystic renal diseases
adult cystic renal disease
Article
Delphian lymph node
The Delphian (prelaryngeal/precricoid) lymph node (often shortened to Delphian node) is one of the cervical lymph node groups that comprise level VI cervical lymph nodes and is not routinely excised in radical neck dissections.
Gross anatomy
The Delphian lymph node is located between the crico...
Article
Denervation changes in muscles
Denervation changes in muscles or denervation myopathy can be observed in a number of settings and results from partial or complete loss of innervation.
There is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations:
temporary or permanent
symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Pathology
Causes include 2:
neur...
Article
Azygo-oesophageal recess deviation
Deviation of the azygo-oesophageal recess can be normal or pathological.
The azygo-oesophageal recess is formed by the interface between the right lung and the mediastinal reflection of the azygos vein and oesophagus. The line has a variable appearance 1:
in its upper third, it deviates to the...
Article
Disorganised periosteal reaction
Disorganised or complex periosteal reaction has spicules with random orientation and appearance. It is often seen in highly aggressive processes.
Pathology
It has been associated with:
osteosarcoma
metastasis
osteomyelitis
chondrosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
stress fracture
malignant fibrous h...
Article
Dorello canal
Dorello canal channels the abducens nerve (CN VI) from the pontine cistern to the cavernous sinus.
Gross anatomy
Dorello canal is an interdural space (between the two layers of dura) found at the medial most end of the petrous ridge at the confluence of the inferior petrosal, basal, and caver...
Article
Double decidual sac sign
The double decidual sac sign (DDSS) is a useful feature on early pregnancy ultrasound to confirm an early intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) when the yolk sac or embryo is still not visualised. It consists of the decidua parietalis (lining the uterine cavity) and decidua capsularis (lining the gestati...
Article
Double line sign
The double line sign is a pathognomonic MRI finding seen at the periphery of a region of osteonecrosis or bone infarct, representing the border between the viable and non-viable bone 4. It is best seen on T2 and T2 FS sequences and consists of two serpentine lines: an inner bright line represent...
Article
Ductus diverticulum
Aortic ductus diverticulum is a developmental outpouching of the thoracic aorta which may be mistaken for an acute aortic injury.
Gross anatomy
It is usually seen at the anteromedial aspect of the aorta at the site of the aortic isthmus, where the ligamentum arteriosum attaches. It is also the...
Article
Dural sinus occlusive disease
Dural sinus occlusive disease (DSOD) is an infective form of dural sinus thrombosis (thrombophlebitis) commonly seen in the setting of acute otomastoiditis. It typically presents with:
severe headaches
high fevers
sixth nerve palsy - due to involvement of Dorello's canal
altered conscious st...
Article
Echogenic fetal bowel
Echogenic fetal bowel is an observation in antenatal ultrasound imaging, in which fetal bowel appears to be brighter than it is supposed to be. It is a soft marker for trisomy 21 and has several other associations. When observed, it needs to be interpreted in the context of other associated abno...
Article
Edwards syndrome
Edwards syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, along with Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), make up the only three autosomal trisomies to be compatible with extrauterine life in non-mosaic forms, albeit in the case of Edward syndrome only for a week or so.
Epidemiology
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Article
Empty gestational sac
Empty gestational sacs can be due to a number of causes:
anembryonic pregnancy (also known as "blighted ovum")
early pregnancy (intrauterine): by 5.5 weeks gestational age, a yolk sac should be identifiable by transvaginal ultrasound
pseudogestational sac with an ectopic pregnancy
gestationa...
Article
Endobronchial metastases
Endobronchial metastases are an uncommon form of intrathoracic metastases. They are much less common than intrapulmonary metastases.
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation varies and includes:
haemoptysis
cough
post-obstructive pneumonitis from distal obstruction
Pathology
Freque...
Article
Endolymphatic sac tumour
Endolymphatic sac tumours are very rare, locally invasive tumours of endolymphatic sac. Early detection of these tumours is critical, because early surgical intervention may prevent further hearing loss. Endolymphatic sac tumours do not metastasise but are highly locally aggressive.
Epidemiolo...
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