Items tagged “cases”
5,524 results found
Article
Strawberry skull
Strawberry skull refers to the shape of the head on an antenatal ultrasound.
Epidemiology
Associations
In general, strawberry skull is considered one of the non-specific 'soft markers' for abnormal fetal development. It is considered more closely associated with trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome).
...
Article
Sublabral foramen
A sublabral foramen is simply a focal detachment of the anterosuperior labrum from the underlying glenoid and constitutes a normal labral variant of no clinical significance 1-4.
On imaging, it might be confused with a SLAP lesion or an anterior labral tear 1.
Gross anatomy
Sublabral foramina...
Article
Syringobulbia
Syringobulbia is a rare entity and refers to a syrinx that extends into the medulla oblongata 1.
Terminology
Some authors use syringobulbia to refer to a syrinx present in any portion of the brainstem rather than specifically involving the medulla oblongata, and therefore encompassing syringop...
Article
T sign (obstetrics)
The T sign is really the absence of a twin peak sign (or lambda (λ) sign) and is used in ultrasound assessment of a multifetal pregnancy.
It refers to the lack of chorion extending between the layers of the intertwin membrane, denoting a monochorionic pregnancy. The intertwin membrane comes to ...
Article
Facial nerve branches (mnemonic)
There are many mnemonics to recall the branches of the facial nerve (superior to inferior) as they exit the anterior border of the parotid gland. Examples include:
Tall Zulus Bear Many Children
Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
Mnemonic
T: temporal
Z: zygomatic
B: buccal
...
Article
Tam o' Shanter sign (skull)
This imaging sign is named after the Tam o' Shanter, a Scottish hat, named after the character in Robert Burns's 1 poem of the same name. The appearances of advanced Paget disease of the skull are similar in appearance to the hat.
Paget involvement of the skull, with widening of the diploic sp...
Article
Threatened miscarriage
Threatened miscarriage (or threatened abortion) is mainly a clinical term, used when a pregnant woman in first 20 weeks of gestation presents with spotting, mild abdominal pain and contractions, with a closed cervical os 3.
Epidemiology
It occurs in 20-25% of pregnancies and is associated with...
Article
Differentiated thyroid cancer (staging)
Differentiated thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committ...
Article
Thyroidea ima artery
The thyroidea ima artery is an uncommon variant of the blood supply to the inferior aspect of the thyroid gland. It is reported in ~7.5% (range 1.5-12.2%) of individuals and can arise from:
brachiocephalic trunk (most common: 1.9-6.0%)
right common carotid artery
aortic arch
internal thoraci...
Article
Tracheal masses
The differential for tracheal masses can be rather wide.
For a single mass consider:
metastasis
direct invasion from adjacent organ (lung, thyroid, esophagus and larynx)
distant metastasis (e.g. melanoma, breast, renal, and colon cancer)
primary neoplasms
squamous cell carcinoma: commone...
Article
Triangle of Guillain and Mollaret
The triangle of Guillain and Mollaret, also known as the dentatorubro-olivary pathway, has three corners 1:
red nucleus
inferior olivary nucleus
contralateral dentate nucleus
Rubro-olivary fibers descend from the parvocellular division of each red nucleus along the central tegmental tracts t...
Article
Trochlear nerve
The trochlear nerve is the fourth (CN IV) and thinnest cranial nerve. It exits the midbrain posteriorly, eventually passes into the cavernous sinus and into the orbit where it supplies superior oblique muscle with motor fibers (TA: nervus trochlearis or nervus cranialis IV).
Gross anatomy
Nuc...
Article
Tubal ring sign
The tubal ring sign, also referred to as a bagel sign or blob sign, is one of the ultrasound signs of a tubal ectopic pregnancy. It comprises an echogenic ring that surrounds an unruptured ectopic pregnancy. It is said to have a 95% positive predictive value (PPV) for ectopic pregnancy.
Differe...
Article
Tuberculous otomastoiditis
Tuberculous otomastoiditis is an uncommon form of acute otomastoiditis that occurs secondary to tuberculosis infection, although its frequency is increasing as a result of greater population of immunocompromised patients.
Clinical presentation
Classically it is described as presenting with
pa...
Article
Turcot syndrome
Turcot syndrome is a polyposis syndrome. It is characterized by multiple colonic polyps and an increased risk of colon cancer and primary brain cancers.
Epidemiology
Turcot syndrome is a rare disease. Patients typically present in the second decade 3.
Pathology
Turcot syndrome is characteriz...
Article
Ulegyria
Ulegyria refers to a shrunken and flattened cortex usually due to global hypoxic ischemic injury in term infants, centering on the deepest portion of gyri, usually in the parasagittal region. It is here that perfusion is most tenuous and, therefore, most susceptible to ischemic damage 1.
Clinic...
Article
Unfused spinous process
Unfused spinous process, which is really failure of fusion of the neural arch, is a relatively common anatomical variant and is part of the spectrum of spina bifida occulta.
This should be differentiated from accessory ossicles of the spinous process, which appear after non-fusion of the secon...
Article
Upper lobe bronchiectasis
Distribution of bronchiectasis can help in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Upper lobe bronchiectasis is typically seen in:
cystic fibrosis
tuberculosis
Rarely it may be seen with non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (e.g. MAC infection 2). Traction bronchiectasis in the upper lobes c...
Article
Uteroplacental blood flow assessment
Uteroplacental blood flow assessment is an important part of fetal well-being assessment and evaluates Doppler flow in the uterine arteries and rarely the ovarian arteries.
Pathology
In a non-gravid state and at the very start of pregnancy the flow in the uterine artery is of high pulsatility ...
Article
VACTERL association
VACTERL is an acronym that describes a non-random constellation of congenital anomalies. It is not a true syndrome as such and is equivalent to the VATER anomaly.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 10,000-40,000 births 3.
Associations
Several conditions have features in common with...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.