Items tagged “cases”
5,524 results found
Article
Neurocandidiasis
Neurocandidiasis results from disseminated infection of the central nervous system by the fungus Candida albicans, usually manifesting as cerebral microabscesses and meningitis.
Epidemiology
CNS disease is thought to occur in up to 52% of patients with disseminated candidiasis, but predominate...
Article
Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy
Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is a very rare type of sporadic human prion disease that was first described in 2008.
Epidemiology
Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy is very rare, with an annual incidence of 1-2 per million 5.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation ...
Article
Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis (plural: endophthalmitides) is a potentially sight-threatening condition that involves intraocular inflammation of any cause. It is distinguished from panophthalmitis in that it does not extend beyond the sclera. It is either infectious or non-infectious in etiology, but in clini...
Article
Hematomyelia
Hematomyelia refers to the presence of intramedullary hemorrhage or hematoma within the spinal cord. This is distinct from extramedullary hemorrhage such as that seen in epidural hematoma.
Pathology
Although hematomyelia can occur in the setting of trauma, the term is generally used to signify...
Article
Eastern equine encephalitis
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is one of many viral encephalitides and results from infection with the eastern equine encephalitis virus.
Clinical presentation
Most patients have non-specific viral prodromal symptoms for approximately one week, including fevers, headache, nausea and vomitin...
Article
Murray Valley encephalitis
Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), also known as Australian encephalitis, is one of many viral encephalitides and Flavivirus encephalitides, resulting from infection with the Murray Valley encephalitis virus.
Clinical presentation
Most patients have non-specific viral prodromal symptoms for app...
Article
Non-ketotic hyperglycemic seizure
Non-ketotic hyperglycemic seizures are one of the neurological complications of non-ketotic hyperglycemia, along with non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma and non-ketotic hyperglycemic hemichorea.
Epidemiology
Seizures in the context of non-ketotic hyperglycemia are most frequently reported in middl...
Article
Aceruloplasminemia
Aceruloplasminemia is an autosomal recessive type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and disorder of iron metabolism caused by a mutation in the ceruloplasmin (CP) gene resulting in the production of dysfunctional ceruloplasmin.
Epidemiology
Aceruloplasminemia is a very rare dis...
Article
11-13 week antenatal scan
11-13 week antenatal (nuchal translucency) scan is considered a routine investigation advised for fetal well-being as well as for early screening in pregnancy (see antenatal screening).
It includes multiple components and is highly dependent on the operator. Traditionally three factors are used...
Article
Coronary arteriovenous fistula
Coronary arteriovenous fistulas (CAVFs) are rare coronary artery anomalies whereby there is a fistula between a coronary artery and, most commonly, the right side of the cardiac circulation.
Terminology
Although a CAVF, in the strictest sense of the term, implies a communication between the c...
Article
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (CNS manifestations)
The central nervous system (CNS) is an uncommonly involved organ system in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Involvement of the CNS is related but distinct from involvement of the skull or craniofacial structures, which are discussed separately in the article skeletal manifestations of LCH. F...
Article
Cochlear incomplete partition type II
Cochlear incomplete partition type II (IP-II) is a type of inner ear malformation, specifically a cochlear incomplete partition, associated with sensorineural hearing loss. It is characterized by a cystic cochlear apex and should not be confused with Mondini anomaly, which is a historic term for...
Article
Small lung volume (differential diagnosis)
The following differential diagnoses can be considered when small lung volumes are seen:
pulmonary fibrosis
prior surgery, e.g. lobectomy, lung volume reduction surgery
pleural disease, e.g. pleural thickening
skeletal deformities, e.g. kyphosis, scoliosis
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)...
Article
Dorsal columns
The dorsal columns, or posterior columns, are ascending pathways primarily concerned with sensory function. They are responsible for transmitting vibration, conscious proprioception, and fine (discriminative) touch 1,2.
The dorsal columns are divided two tracts, which are discussed separately 2...
Article
Gracile fasciculus
The gracile fasciculus, also known as the fasciculus gracilis (plural: fasciculi graciles) or column of Goll, represents the medial portion of the dorsal columns and carries input from below and including T7 1.
Function
The gracile fasciculus is responsible for transmitting vibration, consciou...
Article
Fusiform intracranial aneurysm
Fusiform intracranial aneurysms are a type of intracranial aneurysms with an elongated fusiform shape caused by atherosclerotic disease most common in the vertebrobasilar circulation.
Epidemiology
3%-13% of all intracranial aneurysms
Clinical presentation
They can be incidental or asymptomat...
Article
RASopathy
RASopathies are a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode for components or regulators of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Epidemiology
As a group, RASopathies represent one of the most common malformation syndromes, with an in...
Article
Hemifacial hypertrophy
Hemifacial hyperplasia or hemifacial hypertrophy is a rare developmental anomaly characterized by asymmetric growth of hard and soft tissues of the face 1.
Epidemiology
These asymmetries are often noted at birth and are usually accentuated with increasing age, especially around puberty 2.
The...
Article
Enterovirus rhombencephalitis
Enterovirus rhombencephalitis is the most common neurological complication of enterovirus infection 1.
Clinical presentation
Enterovirus rhombencephalitis causes acute and severe neurologic disorders such as ataxia, nystagmus, oculomotor palsies, or bulbar palsy. In some cases, neurologic affe...
Article
Arachnoiditis ossificans
Arachnoiditis ossificans is considered a sequela of chronic arachnoiditis where there is a development of calcification-ossification of the arachnoid membrane usually of the thoracic and lumbar spines. It is an extremely rare cause of spinal canal stenosis and consequent neurological compromise....
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