Items tagged “cases”
5,524 results found
Article
Fat-water swapping artifact
Fat-water swapping artifact is seen in a significant proportion of fat/water suppressed sequences using the Dixon method. The artifact follows a computational error in areas of field inhomogeneity resulting in incorrectly determining whether a voxel contains water or fat.
The images have geogra...
Article
Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF)
Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is a spinal fusion procedure usually performed at L5/S1 or L4/5.
The anterior approach is often selected in preference to other lumbar interbody fusion approaches due to it providing a superior view of the vertebrae as well as avoiding damage to posterio...
Article
Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF)
Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a spinal fusion procedure performed as an alternative to posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) when posterior decompression of the spinal canal is not required 1.
Indications
See: lumbar interbody overview (overview).
Contraindications
ext...
Article
Sural nerve
The sural nerve ( in Latin Sura means Calf) is a sensory nerve of the lower limb formed by the union of sural branch of the tibial nerve and the communicating sural branch of the common fibular nerve supplying sensation to the lower lateral aspect of the calf and foot.
Gross anatomy
It travel...
Article
Adjacent level ossification
Adjacent level ossification is a complication of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with anterior plate stabilization. It represents pathological heterotopic ossification of the soft tissues above or below the ends of the plate, contiguous with the adjacent vertebral body. It occurs ...
Article
Adjacent segment degeneration
Adjacent segment degeneration or adjacent level disease is a common complication of spinal fusion occurring at the adjacent unfused level above or below the fused segment.
Epidemiology
It is usually encountered in the cervical spine or lumbar spine and occurs with an incidence of 2-4% per year...
Article
Multicentric carpal tarsal osteolysis
Multicentric carpal tarsal osteolysis is a rare skeletal disorder which is characterized by progressive osteolysis of the carpal, metacarpal and tarsal bones. It usually presents in early childhood with progressive pain and stiffness of the wrist, feet and elbow, clinically mimicking juvenile rh...
Article
Full-thickness rotator cuff tear
Full-thickness rotator cuff tears are a type of rotator cuff tear that extends from the bursal surface to the articular surface.
Epidemiology
Full-thickness tears are common. Their reported prevalence increases with age and ranges from 5-17%. They are less common than partial-thickness tears 5...
Article
Gallbladder metastases
Gallbladder metastases are rare and usually represent an advanced and end-stage of malignancy. Malignant melanoma and gastric carcinoma account for the most common primary malignancies to seed metastases to the gallbladder, in Western and Asian societies, respectively.
Epidemiology
They repre...
Article
Loin pain hematuria syndrome
Loin pain hematuria syndrome is a rare disorder in which patients suffer episodes of severe unilateral or bilateral flank pain with microscopic or gross hematuria in the absence of renal pathology.
Epidemiology
Approximately 70% of patients are young females with a peak incidence in the third ...
Article
Mesothelioma (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists.
Pleural mesotheliomas are malignant tumors of the lining of the lungs. There is a strong association with asbestos exposure.
Reference article
This is a summary article; read more in our article on mesothelioma.
Summary...
Article
Trochlear nerve palsy
Trochlear nerve palsies, or fourth nerve palsies, result in weakness of the superior oblique muscle.
Clinical presentation
Vertical diplopia and ipsilateral hypertropia in the absence of ptosis, combined with a head tilt away from the affected side, are strongly suggestive of trochlear nerve p...
Article
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common plasma cell disorder and refers to the presence of an abnormal monoclonal antibody in the blood but the absence of the overt bone marrow and clinical signs of multiple myeloma.
Epidemiology
MGUS is the most common pla...
Article
Smoldering multiple myeloma
Smoldering multiple myeloma is a premalignant stage between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma.
Clinical presentation
Similar to MGUS patients, smoldering multiple myeloma patients are asymptomatic.
Diagnostic criteria
The criteria for smoldering m...
Article
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism refers to increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.
Terminology
Hyperthyroidism is not synonymous with thyrotoxicosis, the latter referring to a clinical syndrome of excess thyroid hormone 1.
Clinical presentation
Hyperthyroidism may be ac...
Article
Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis
Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis is an uncommon form of acute pancreatitis caused by high levels of circulating triglycerides in the blood.
Epidemiology
Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis accounts for around 1-4% of cases of acute pancreatitis and is the third most common cause...
Article
Killian dehiscence
The Killian dehiscence is a triangular-shaped area of weakness in the muscular wall of the pharynx, between the transverse and oblique bundles of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor 1. It is the most common site of pharyngeal diverticula 5.
Gross anatomy
It is located in the posterior wall of ...
Article
Nipah virus encephalitis
Nipah virus encephalitis (NiV encephalitis) is a zoonotic illness caused by the Nipah virus resulting in a severe and often fatal encephalitis.
Epidemiology
As the virus is thought to be spread from pigs to humans, pig farmers and abattoir workers are at the highest risk of exposure 2. Several...
Article
Generalized lymphatic anomaly
Generalized lymphatic anomaly, previously known as lymphangiomatosis or cystic angiomatosis, is a systemic condition characterized by multifocal lymphatic malformations with systemic distribution. The distribution of lesions is variable; there can be cutaneous, thoracic and abdominal viscera and...
Article
Left ventricular false tendon
Left ventricular false tendons, also known as left ventricular muscular bands, are fibromuscular structures that arise from the inner trabeculated myocardial layer of the left ventricle. They may have different lengths and thicknesses.
Epidemiology
The incidence of false tendons ranges from 18...
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