Items tagged “cases”
5,502 results found
Article
WHO classification of thymic tumors
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the thymus is a component of the WHO classification of thoracic tumors, which was published in its 5th edition in 2021 1. It is a pathological classification of thymic epithelial tumors, including thymomas, thymic carcinomas, and ne...
Article
Chronic primary adrenal insufficiency
Chronic primary adrenal insufficiency has a number of causes. Primary adrenal insufficiency is termed Addison disease.
Pathology
Causes
idiopathic atrophy: autoimmune adrenalitis 1
tuberculosis 1: 25% calcify
fungal disease 1
histioplasmosis
blastomycosis
coccidioidomycosis
AIDS 1
sarc...
Article
Williams syndrome
Williams syndrome (WS), sometimes called Williams-Beuren syndrome, is characterized by some or all of the following features:
craniofacial dysmorphism (e.g. elfin facies)
oral abnormalities
short stature (50% of cases)
mild to moderate intellectual disability
supravalvular aortic stenosis ...
Article
Facet dislocation
Facet dislocation refers to the anterior displacement of one vertebral body on another. Without a fracture, the only way anterior displacement can occur is by dislocation of the facets.
Facet dislocation can occur to varying degrees:
subluxed facets
perched facets
locked facets
The injury ...
Article
Prostate cystic disease
Prostate cystic disease encompasses a wide variety of pathologies that all result in cyst formation within the prostate.
Epidemiology
Prostatic cysts are common, and ~5-8% men will develop one 4,7. However they are much more common in patients being investigated for infertility, with one study...
Article
Widening of interpedicular distance
The interpedicular distance, which is the distance measured between the pedicles on frontal/coronal imaging, can be widened in a number of situations.
Pathology
Etiology
diastematomyelia
syringomyelia
conditions that can cause dural ectasia (can potentially cause widening)
Marfan syndrome
...
Article
Mikulicz syndrome
Mikulicz syndrome was at one time considered to be a form of Sjögren syndrome (type 1), however, it is now considered to be on the IgG4-related disease spectrum.
Terminology
Mikulicz syndrome may also be referred to by numerous other eponyms as well as the rather verbose "sicca syndrome witho...
Article
Lutembacher syndrome
Lutembacher syndrome refers to the rare combination of congenital atrial septal defect with acquired mitral stenosis.
History and etymology
It is named after Rene Lutembacher 4.
Article
Löfgren syndrome
Löfgren syndrome is a specific acute clinical presentation of systemic sarcoidosis that usually manifests with lymphadenopathy, fevers, erythema nodosum, and polyarticular arthritis.
Terminology
It is important to not confuse this syndrome with Löffler syndrome, as the names are quite similar...
Article
Sarcoidosis (cardiac manifestations)
Cardiac involvement of sarcoidosis is a manifestation of sarcoidosis which is often asymptomatic, although can be associated with high mortality 8. Autopsy studies show prevalence of ~25% cardiac involvement, yet only 5-10% are found symptomatic 1,2.
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder chara...
Article
Galaxy sign (lungs)
The so-called galaxy sign, initially described as the sarcoid galaxy, represents a coalescent granuloma seen in a minority of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis 1. The same appearance can be seen in tuberculosis 2,3. In other words, it represents a mass-like region composed of numerous smaller ...
Article
Acinic cell carcinoma (salivary glands)
Acinic cell carcinomas of the salivary glands are rare malignant neoplasms that account for 1-3% of all salivary gland tumors.
Pathology
Pathology may superficially resemble normal serous (acinar) cells of the salivary glands. It is considered a low-grade, indolent malignancy, but with a tend...
Article
Exudative retinitis
Exudative retinitis, also known as retinal telangiectasis or Coats disease, is a rare congenital disease affecting the eyes and is a cause of leukocoria.
Epidemiology
It occurs predominantly in young males, with the onset of symptoms generally appearing in the first decade of life with a peak ...
Article
Langerhans cell
Langerhans cells are dendritic cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage, containing large granules called Birbeck granules. They are normally found in epithelial surfaces, lymph nodes and other organs, and can also be found elsewhere, particularly in association with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
...
Article
Macrocephaly
Macrocephaly is a clinical and radiological term that refers to a generalized increase in the size of the cranial vault.
Terminology
This slightly differs from the term megalencephaly which means an increase in the size of the brain parenchyma.
Epidemiology
content pending
Clinical present...
Article
Pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor
Pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumors are solid, non-neoplastic masses which can mimic pulmonary malignancy.
Terminology
They should not be confused with pulmonary pseudotumors which usually refer to loculated collections of pleural fluid mimicking a pulmonary mass on chest radiography.
Patholo...
Article
Flattening of the diaphragm
Flattening of the diaphragm is the most sensitive sign on chest radiographs for the presence of hyperinflation of the lungs, usually due to emphysema 1,2.
On a lateral chest radiograph, the normal dome of each hemidiaphragm should rise at least 1.5 cm above a line connecting the costophrenic an...
Article
Germ cell tumors (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for the differential diagnosis for germ cell tumors is:
SECTE
Mnemonic
S: seminoma
E: embryonal cell carcinoma
C: choriocarcinoma
T: teratoma
E: endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor)
Article
Germ cell tumors
Germ cell tumors are found widely throughout the body and encompass a wide range of individual tumors.
This article does not deal with any specific body locations. For detailed discussion please refer to the articles listed at the end of this page.
Pathology
Germ cell tumors arise from ectop...
Article
Rosenthal fibers
Rosenthal fibers are astrocytic cytoplasmic inclusions, typically found in areas of longstanding gliosis. These elongated or "corkscrew" structures occur within astrocytic processes and are brightly eosinophilic (stain bright pink on the H&E stain) 1-3. They represent astrocytic processes swolle...