Items tagged “cases”

5,501 results found
Article

Riedel thyroiditis

Riedel thyroiditis is a very rare form of autoimmune thyroiditis. It is sometimes considered as a manifestation of a wider systemic disease with fibrosis of the retroperitoneum, mediastinum, as well as lymphocytic infiltration of extraocular orbital muscles, salivary and lacrimal glands 4. Most ...
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Causes of perfusion defects on a VQ scan

There are several causes leading to a perfusion defect on a VQ scan with an acute pulmonary embolus being only one of them: Vascular causes acute pulmonary embolus previous pulmonary embolus (including fat embolism, thromboembolism, air embolism, tumor) vasculitides affecting the pulmonary v...
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Carpal bones (mnemonic)

Mnemonics of the carpal bones are numerous and useful for memorizing the order and location of the bones. Some mnemonics name the carpal bones in a circle, starting with the proximal row from the scaphoid towards the pinky (small finger) and then the distal row starting from the hamate towards ...
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Preiser disease

Preiser disease refers to idiopathic osteonecrosis of the scaphoid 1,2.   Classification type 1: complete type, associated with poor outcome type 2: partial/segmental type, associated with good outcome when compared to type 1 History and etymology It was first described by G Preiser in 1910...
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Fissula ante fenestram

The fissula ante fenestram (plural: fissula ante fenestras) is a small connective tissue-filled cleft in the otic capsule of the temporal bone, not typically visible on CT. The area around the fissula ante fenestram is the usual origin of fenestral otosclerosis. Gross anatomy The fissula ante ...
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Diffuse gallbladder wall thickening (differential)

Diffuse thickening of the gallbladder wall can occur in a number of situations: cholecystitis acute cholecystitis chronic cholecystitis gallbladder empyema 7 xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis 11 acalculous cholecystitis 11 postprandial physiological state (pseudothickening) gallbladder o...
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Bile sump syndrome

Bile sump syndrome refers to a complication following a side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy.  Epidemiology This complication occurs in ~1% of patients following a side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy.  Clinical presentation Recurrent abdominal pain, cholangitis, pancreatitis, or biliary obstr...
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Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is the most common of three malignant mixed tumors of salivary glands, and are thought to arise from pre-existing pleomorphic adenomas (historically also called benign mixed tumors, but see below) 1,3. Epidemiology These tumors usually occur in older patients (...
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Nasopharyngeal cancer (staging)

Nasopharyngeal cancer staging refers to TNM staging of malignant tumors of the nasopharynx. The vast majority of applicable tumors are nasopharyngeal carcinomas, but other epithelial malignancies of the nasopharynx are included, such as minor salivary gland tumors. The following article reflects...
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Inner ear malformations (classification)

Inner ear malformations are a spectrum of congenital anomalies involving the inner ear structures with an emphasis on the cochlea due to their implications for sensorineural hearing loss. Classification An imaging-based classification was first proposed in 1987 by Jackler et al. according to p...
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Zellweger syndrome

Zellweger syndrome (ZS), also known as the cerebrohepatorenal syndrome, is a multisystem metabolic abnormality. As the name implies it primarily affects the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.  Epidemiology The condition typically presents in neonates with poor feeding and/or seizures. ...
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Griffiths point

The Griffiths point, also known as Griffiths critical point, refers to the site of watershed anastomosis between the ascending left colic artery and the marginal artery of Drummond occurring in the region of the splenic flexure. Most anatomy texts describe the location as two-thirds along the tr...
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Taylor dysplasia

Taylor dysplasia is a type of focal cortical dysplasia and a common cause of refractory epilepsy. Under both the Palmini classification and the more recent Blumcke classification of focal cortical dysplasia, Taylor dysplasia is classified as type II.  For further discussion of the radiographic ...
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Lacrimal artery

The lacrimal artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery that supplies the lacrimal gland. Gross anatomy Course The lacrimal artery travels along the upper border of the lateral rectus muscle with the lacrimal nerve to supply the lacrimal gland as well as the eyelids and conjunctiva. The rec...
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Hypopharyngeal carcinoma (staging)

Hypopharyngeal carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas originating in the hypopharynx. This system most commonly applies to squamous cell carcinomas but can also apply to rarer epithelial malignancies in the region. The following article reflects the 8th edition published by the Am...
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Larynx

The larynx is an inferior continuation of the oropharynx. It extends from the epiglottis (namely the glossoepiglottic and pharyngoepiglottic folds) to the inferior aspect of the cricoid cartilage. Inferiorly, it continues as the cervical trachea. The larynx also forms part of the upper respirato...
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Plummer-Vinson syndrome, also known as the Paterson-Brown Kelly syndrome, is a very rare condition which comprises a classic triad of dysphagia, iron-deficiency anemia and upper esophageal webs. Epidemiology The incidence of Plummer-Vinson syndrome has plummeted in the past fifty years and thi...
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Oral cavity

The oral cavity, also known as the mouth, is the most proximal portion of the aerodigestive tract, and is continuous posteriorly with the oropharynx.   Gross anatomy Boundaries The oral cavity includes the lips anteriorly. For purposes of staging oral carcinoma according to the 8th edition of...
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Optic nerve sheath meningioma

Optic nerve meningiomas are benign tumors arising from the arachnoid cap cells of the optic nerve sheath and represent ~20% of all orbital meningiomas, the majority of which are direct extensions from intracranial meningiomas.  These tumors typically appear as masses within the optic nerve, iso...
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Reactive vs malignant lymph nodes (ultrasound features)

A number of sonographic features are helpful in distinguishing reactive versus malignant lymph nodes. Grey scale features Features that favor reactive/infective nodes over malignancy include: nodal matting surrounding soft tissue edema Doppler features Doppler examination is particu...

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