Items tagged “cases”
5,524 results found
Article
Rasmussen aneurysm
Rasmussen aneurysm is an uncommon complication of pulmonary tuberculosis and represents a pulmonary artery aneurysm adjacent or within a tuberculous cavity.
It is not to be confused with Rasmussen encephalitis.
Epidemiology
It can be present in up to 5% of patients with chronic cavitary tuber...
Article
Adenocarcinoma (urinary bladder)
Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is rare and accounts for only ~1% of all bladder cancers (90% are transitional cell carcinomas).
Pathology
Metaplasia of urinary bladder induced by chronic irritation or infection can lead to adenocarcinoma. Pathological types of adenocarcinoma of the urin...
Article
Epididymal cyst
Epididymal cysts are the most common epididymal mass.
Epidemiology
Epididymal cysts have been reported in ~30% (range 20-40%) of asymptomatic individuals 5.
Pathology
They are usually of lymphatic origin 2. The cysts contain clear serous fluid, lymphocytes, spermatozoa, and debris.
Clinical...
Article
Hydrocephalus vs atrophy
Distinguishing primary hydrocephalus from atrophy resulting in compensatory enlargement of the CSF spaces as the cause of ventriculomegaly can be, at times, challenging in image interpretation.
Radiographic features
Features that favor hydrocephalus include:
dilatation of the temporal horns
...
Article
Differential diagnosis for a small cardiothoracic ratio
A small cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is defined as <42%/0.42 when assessed on a PA chest radiograph, and is often called small heart syndrome. A pathologically-small heart is also known as microcardia.
It can be due to/associated with a number of entities:
adrenal insufficiency, e.g. Addison...
Article
Sigmoid kidney
A sigmoid kidney is an uncommon variant of the horseshoe kidney. Whereas the typical horseshoe kidney is fused only at the lower poles, in a sigmoid kidney both the upper and the lower poles are fused 1.
Article
Bear paw sign (kidney)
The bear paw sign refers to the cross-sectional appearance of the kidney affected by xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. There is a radial arrangement of multiple, low attenuation rounded spaces representing dilated calyces, surrounded by thin renal parenchyma that has higher attenuation or cont...
Article
Extensor digitorum brevis manus muscle
The extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM) muscle is an accessory muscle in the hand and is a normal anatomical variant.
Summary
origin: distal radius and posterior radiocarpal ligament
insertion: extensor hood of 2nd or 3rd digits (variable)
innervation: posterior interosseous nerve
actio...
Article
Cortical rim sign (kidneys)
The cortical rim sign describes the thin, viable rim of subcapsular cortex seen on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI in major renal vascular compromise including:
renal artery obstruction from embolism, thrombosis or dissection
renal vein thrombosis
acute tubular necrosis
acute cortical necrosis
...
Article
Lipoid pneumonia
Lipoid pneumonia is a form of pneumonia associated with oily or lipid components within the pneumonitis component.
This can either result from:
aspiration of oily substances (exogenous lipoid pneumonia) or
endogenous accumulation of lipid substances in the alveoli (endogenous lipoid pne...
Article
Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm
A sinus of Valsalva aneurysm refers to abnormal dilatation of the sinus of valsalva and is a cause of thoracic aortic dilatation. Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms arise from one of the aortic sinuses. They are either congenital or acquired.
Epidemiology
There is a male predilection (M:F ratio being...
Article
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas)
Perivascular epithelioid cells tumors (PEComas) are a group of related mesenchymal tumors and tumor-like conditions found in many locations. This group includes:
angiomyolipoma (AML)
clear cell "sugar" tumor of the lung
lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)
clear cell myomelanocytic tumor (CCMMT)
...
Article
Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy (differential)
Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy can result from a number of causes and generally implies a systemic process. They include:
autoimmune diseases, e.g.:
rheumatoid arthritis
scleroderma
dermatomyositis 5
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
psoriasis
Sjögren syndrome
lymphoma
leukemia
di...
Article
Multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia
Multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MMPH) is a rare benign hamartomatous proliferation of type II pneumocytes and is mostly seen in association with tuberous sclerosis (TS). It can occur with or without concurrent lymphangiomyomatosis.
Radiographic features
HRCT chest
Seen as rand...
Article
Krabbe disease
Krabbe disease, also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy, is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting in damage to cells involved in myelin turnover. It thus affects both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system (manifesting as a leukodystrophy).
Epidemi...
Article
Focal gas collection in right upper quadrant (differential)
Focal gas collection in right upper quadrant on plain radiographs can occur from a number of pathologies. Things to consider are:
enterobiliary fistula: common types include cholecystoduodenal fistula and cholecystocolic fistula. It may occur with:
gallstone ileus (being most common) 3
perfor...
Article
Pancreatic trauma injury grading
A number of pancreatic injury grading systems have been proposed for pancreatic trauma.
Classifications
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) 5,7
The proximal pancreas is defined as the gland to the right of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV)-portal vein axis whereas the dista...
Article
Occipital condyle fracture
Occipital condylar fractures are uncommon injuries usually resulting from high-energy blunt trauma. They are considered a specific type of basilar skull fracture, and importantly can be seen along with craniocervical dissociation.
Treatment of isolated injury is generally conservative, unless t...
Article
Vascular pedicle
Vascular pedicle is bordered on the right by venous structures (right brachiocephalic vein above and superior vena cava) and on the left by an arterial structure (the left subclavian artery origin). The azygos vein (black oval) is seen en face above the right main bronchus.
The vascular pedicle...
Article
Psoas major muscle
The psoas major muscle (usually shortened to just the psoas muscle) is one of the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall and lies not in the retroperitoneum but posterior to it, in the iliopsoas compartment.
Summary
origin: vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs and transverse processes of T1...
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