Items tagged “cases”
5,523 results found
Article
Middle lobe bronchiectasis
Middle lobe bronchiectasis is an imaging an imaging descriptor when bronchiectasis is confined to the middle lobe. When it (predominantly) involves the middle lobe it is sometimes is termed right middle lobe predominant (RMLP) bronchiectasis 2.
Middle lobe bronchiectasis may be seen in:
non-tu...
Article
Miscarriage
A miscarriage is the spontaneous termination of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation. Fetal death after week 20 is termed fetal death in utero (FDIU).
Terminology
The term miscarriage is preferred by many over 'abortion' due to the use of the latter for therapeutic pregnancy termination, a...
Article
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH), also known as lipoid dermatoarthritis, is a rare systemic disorder.
Epidemiology
The exact prevalence is not known, but the condition is considered to be very rare 11. It has a slight female preponderance 11.
Associations
There is a recognized associ...
Article
Muscles of the tongue
The muscles of the tongue are divided into 2 groups each comprising 4 muscles. They are classified as intrinsic (to the tongue) and extrinsic muscles. They allow for the complex movements of the tongue and are all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except one:
intrinsic muscles of th...
Article
Myoepithelioma
Myoepitheliomas and malignant myoepitheliomas were considered a variant of pleomorphic adenomas until 1991. However, these are also found in the breast and bronchus and have gained recognition as separate entities 1.
Epidemiology
They account for <1% of salivary gland tumors, and only rarely u...
Article
Myokymia
Myokymia refers to an involuntary undulating movement of muscle 1.
The term is employed in a number of clinical contexts 1-3:
eyelid myokymia: pathogenesis is not well understood
extra-ocular muscle myokymia: pathogenesis is not well understood
inferior oblique myokymia (rare)
superior obli...
Article
Möbius syndrome
Möbius syndrome, also known as congenital facial diplegia syndrome, is a rare congenital condition characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the nuclei of the abducens (CN VI) and facial nerve (CN VII).
Epidemiology
Möbius syndrome is rare with an estimated incidence of ~1 case per 1...
Article
Nerve to stapedius
The nerve to stapedius arises from the facial nerve to supply the stapedius muscle. The branch is given off in the facial nerve's mastoid segment, as it passes posterior to the pyramidal process.
Damage to this branch with resulting paralysis of stapedius leads to hypersensitivity to loud noise...
Article
Normal facial nerve enhancement on MRI
The normal facial nerve (CN VII) can demonstrate some enhancement post gadolinium, with the prevalence of which segments is highly variable depending on the MRI sequence 4-8. Enhancement may be asymmetric 4-6. It has been attributed to the circumneural facial arteriovenous plexus.c
Typical site...
Article
Nottingham classification
The Nottingham classification is used at the end of work up of a breast lesion to help guide management.
A = malignant
lesion needs surgical excision regardless of biopsy result
B = indeterminate
will accept a benign biopsy result, but only if it is congruent with imaging, i.e. a well circum...
Article
Nuchal fold
The nuchal fold is a normal fold of skin seen at the back of the fetal neck during the second trimester of pregnancy. Increased thickness of the nuchal fold is a soft marker associated with multiple fetal anomalies, and is measured on a routine second trimester ultrasound.
Terminology
It shou...
Article
Oculomotor nerve palsy
Oculomotor nerve palsies, or third nerve palsies, result in weakness of the muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve, namely the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris muscles.
Terminology
If the pupil is normal-sized and reactive to...
Article
Odontogenic myxoma
Odontogenic myxomas are rare tumors that involve the mandible or maxilla and account for 3-6% of odontogenic tumors 2.
Epidemiology
Typically seen in the 2nd to 3rd decades of life (slightly earlier than ameloblastomas). They are usually not painful.
Pathology
Arises from mesenchymal odontog...
Article
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma (staging)
Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of squamous cell carcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia).
Related histologies included in th...
Article
Idiopathic orbital inflammation
Idiopathic orbital inflammation, also known as orbital pseudotumor and non-specific orbital inflammation, is an idiopathic inflammatory condition that most commonly involves the extraocular muscles. Less commonly there is inflammatory change involving the uvea, sclera, lacrimal gland, and retrob...
Article
Otomastoiditis
Otomastoiditis refers to inflammation of both the middle ear (otitis media) and mastoid (mastoiditis), can be divided into two distinct entities:
acute otomastoiditis: usually due to bacterial infection
chronic otomastoiditis: usually due to Eustachian tube dysfunction
Article
Osteonecrosis causes (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for the causes of osteonecrosis (previously known as avascular necrosis):
STARS
PLASTIC RAGS
ASEPTIC
Mnemonics
STARS
Most common causes:
S: steroids, SLE
T: trauma (e.g. femoral neck fracture, hip dislocation, scaphoid fracture, slipped capital femoral epiphysis 2)
A: alcohol ...
Article
Paget-Schrötter syndrome
Paget-Schrötter syndrome, alternatively spelled Paget-Schroetter syndrome and also known as effort thrombosis, refers to primary thrombosis of the axillary and/or subclavian vein. It can be thought of as a venous equivalent of thoracic outlet syndrome (i.e. venous thoracic outlet syndrome).
Epi...
Article
Pancreatoblastoma
Pancreatoblastomas are rare pediatric tumors of the pancreas. However, they are the most common pancreatic neoplasm of childhood and are often associated with a raised alpha-fetoprotein.
Epidemiology
There is slight male predilection. Usually occurs in the first decade of life with a mean age ...
Article
Panner disease
Panner disease is osteonecrosis of the capitellum. It should be distinguished from osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow which also affects the capitellum.
Epidemiology
Panner disease is typically seen in children (5-10 years of age), although it is also seen in throwers due to repeated trau...
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