Items tagged “figures”

170 results found
Article

Triangle of Koch

The triangle of Koch or Koch’s triangle is an important landmark for atrioventricular catheter ablation procedures for the localization of the atrioventricular node. Gross anatomy From a right atrial viewpoint, the triangle of Koch is delineated by the hinge of the septal tricuspid valve leafl...
Article

Atrial septum

The atrial or interatrial septum (IAS) is a fibromuscular anatomical structure dividing the left and right atrium and is of substantial importance for intra- and interatrial conduction. Gross anatomy The true atrial septum is defined by the septal area which could be pierced or crossed without...
Article

Cardiac CT (retrospective acquisition)

A retrospective ECG-gated cardiac CT is usually conducted in cases in which adequate control of heart rate cannot be achieved or in which additional information on ventricular or valvular function is required. Indications Please refer to our coronary CT angiography article for general indicati...
Article

Coronary CT angiography (protocol)

The coronary CT angiography or cardiac CT angiogram protocol is the most common dedicated cardiac CT examination and is a non-invasive tool for the evaluation of the coronary arteries. Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles. Protocol specifics especially medications, ...
Article

CT triple rule out (protocol)

A triple rule out (TRO) protocol is a cardiac CT protocol that aims to assess for different problems at the same time in one single examination: obstructive coronary artery disease, aortic dissection or pulmonary embolism. The approach itself has been continuously under discussion due to diffic...
Article

Cardiac cycle

The cardiac cycle describes the electrical and mechanical actions of the heart, contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles during every heartbeat. The cardiac cycle consists of the following phases 1-3: Systole isovolumetric contraction and closure of the atrioventricular valves  ...
Article

Anterior proximal tibiofibular ligaments

The anterior proximal tibiofibular ligaments belong to the supporting structures of the proximal tibiofibular joint and the tibiofibular joint capsule. Gross anatomy The anterior proximal tibiofibular ligaments usually consist of up to four bundles, one located superiorly and two at a mid-leve...
Article

Asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common morphological variant or phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Epidemiology Approximately 60-70% of cases with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy make up for the asymmetric phenotype 1-3. Associations Asymmetric hypertrophic cardio...
Article

Myocardial fiber disarray

Myocardial disarray, myocardial fiber disarray or cardiac myocyte disarray refers to bizarre disorganization and texture of cardiac myocyte bundles, individual cardiomyocytes and contractile elements within the sarcomeres. It is an important histological feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy wh...
Article

Distal biceps tendon

The distal biceps tendon (DBT) is a strong duplicated extrasynovial tendon that connects the distally variably interlinked long and short head of the biceps brachii muscle to the bicipital tuberosity of the proximal radius. Besides the distal biceps tendon, the biceps muscle is distally attached...
Article

Lacertus fibrosus

The lacertus fibrosus or distal bicipital aponeurosis is an aponeurotic structure originating and enveloping the distal biceps tendon as well as the proximal flexor muscle group of the forearm. Gross anatomy The lacertus fibrosus has been described as a multilayered structure with a superficia...
Article

Distal biceps tendon reconstruction

Distal biceps tendon reconstruction is an uncommon surgical procedure used to restore elbow flexion and/or supination power in the situation of a chronic distal biceps tendon rupture. Indications The classical indication for distal biceps tendon reconstruction is a chronic biceps tendon injury...
Article

Popliteomeniscal fascicles

The popliteomeniscal fascicles (PMF) are synovial ligamentous structures connecting the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the popliteus tendon thus stabilizing the lateral meniscus. They form the popliteal hiatus and include the following: anteroinferior popliteomeniscal fascicle poste...
Article

Paratenon

The paratenon is a membrane-like areolar structure consisting of loose connective tissue found around extraarticular tendons without a synovial sheath including Achilles tendon, quadriceps tendon, patella tendon, the distal biceps tendon, or the distal 1-2cm of the posterior tibial tendon. It al...
Article

Radial collateral ligament of the elbow

The radial collateral ligament (RCL), radial collateral ligament proper or lateral collateral ligament of the elbow is a static lateral stabilizer and a part of the lateral collateral ligamentous complex of the elbow. Gross anatomy The radial collateral ligament courses through the intertuberc...
Article

Common extensor origin of the elbow

The common extensor origin of the elbow classically refers to the common tendon of the following forearm extensor muscles, which form a common footprint at the lateral epicondyle 1,2: extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) extensor digitorum communis (EDC) extensor digiti minimi (EDM) extenso...
Article

Annular ligament of the elbow

The annular ligament is a part of the lateral collateral ligamentous complex of the elbow joint and a major stabilizer of the proximal radioulnar joint. Gross anatomy The annular ligament is located within the elbow joint and is one of four ligaments forming the lateral collateral ligamentous ...
Article

Common flexor origin of the elbow

The common flexor origin of the elbow refers to a common attachment of the following flexor-pronator muscles at the medial epicondyle of the distal humerus 1-3: pronator teres (PT) flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) The flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and palmaris lo...
Article

Distal semimembranosus tendon

The distal semimembranosus tendon, distal semimembranosus complex or distal semimembranosus muscle-tendon unit is a major musculotendinous structure of the posteromedial corner of the knee and an important dynamic stabilizer of the knee. Gross anatomy The semimembranosus tendon has a complex a...
Article

Meniscocapsular ligament

The meniscocapsular ligament attaches the base of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus to the posterior joint capsule of the knee adjacent to the coronary ligament. Gross anatomy The meniscocapsular ligament is a collagenous structure of the posteromedial corner of the knee and connects t...

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