Items tagged “gallbladder”

The 5-F rule refers to risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis in the event of upper abdominal pain: fair: more prevalent in the Caucasian population 1 fat: BMI >30 kg/m2 and hyperlipidemia 3,4 female fertile: one or more children forty: age ≥40 years cholelithiasis can occur in...

Gangrenous cholecystitis is the most common complication of acute cholecystitis, affecting ~15% (range 2-30%) of patients.  Epidemiology Risk factors male increasing age delayed surgery cardiovascular disease diabetes mellitus systemic inflammatory response syndrome 5 Pathology Gangren...

Gallbladder volvulus is a relatively rare condition in which there is a rotation of the gallbladder around the axis of the cystic duct and artery. Clinical presentation Symptoms are non-specific, however right upper quadrant pain and vomiting are similar to biliary colic. Laboratory evaluation...

Agenesis of the gallbladder describes the rare congenital absence of the gallbladder. Epidemiology overall incidence is estimated at <0.1% (range 0.04-0.1%) gender:  reported 3:1 female predominance of symptomatic cases equivalent gender distribution in autopsy cases Associations Gallblad...

Focal gallbladder wall thickening is an imaging finding that includes both benign and malignant etiologies. cholecystoses cholesterolosis adenomyomatosis masses gallbladder polyps gallbladder carcinoma: look for infiltration into adjacent organs, metastases, lymphadenopathy, bile duct dil...

Bile duct dilatation refers to the dilatation of intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. Clinical presentation Variable, depending on the underlying cause, but usually: right upper quadrant pain jaundice Radiographic features Ultrasound Harmonic imaging is useful when assessing the bilia...

A hyperattenuating gallbladder may occur from a number of different etiologies: sludge in the gallbladder vicarious excretion of intravenous contrast (iodinated contrast or gadolinium contrast) hyperconcentrated bile noncalcified gallstones medications I.e ceftriaxone associated gallbladder...

Gallbladder hydrops or mucocele 5 refers to marked dilatation of the gallbladder due to chronic obstruction of the cystic duct resulting in accumulation of sterile non-pigmented mucin. Clinical presentation Abdominal pain with palpable gallbladder without any signs of infection. In an asymptom...

Gallbladder inflammatory polyps are a benign subtype of gallbladder polyps, representing ~10% of all polyps. They appear as a result of chronic inflammation (chronic cholecystitis).  For further details, please refer to the parental article on gallbladder polyps.  Pathology Gallbladder inflam...

Cholescintigraphy is the use of radiotracers to assess the anatomy and function of the biliary system (and the liver indirectly). Currently, this is most commonly performed with Tc-99m-IDA analogs 1, and "hepatic IDA" imaging gave rise to the more common term "HIDA scan." Indications Cholescin...

Thickening of the gallbladder wall, usually considered >3 mm, is a non-specific sign of various conditions. Pathology Gallbladder wall thickening can be caused by inflammatory, benign, and malignant etiologies. Pseudothickening caused by the normal postprandial state of the contracted gallblad...

Gallbladder folds arise due to the gallbladder wall folding onto itself. They are thick, junctional in nature and incomplete or non-continuous in appearance. The posterior wall is usually involved, however, anterior wall folds may also occur 1. The folding may produce a bizarre or unusual shap...

The spiral mucosal folds, also known as the valves of Heister, are spirally arranged mucosal folds on the endoluminal surface of the cystic duct. Although incompletely understood, they contain neurohormonally responsive muscle, and their unique shape is thought to support the patency of the cys...