Items tagged “infectious diseases”
22 results found
Article
Renal tuberculosis
Renal tuberculosis, a subset of genitourinary tuberculosis, accounts for 15-20% of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and can result in varied and striking radiographic appearances.
Tuberculosis can involve both the renal parenchyma and the collecting system (calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder a...
Article
Leprosy
Leprosy, previously known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and presents mainly in tropical developing countries.
Epidemiology
It is most common in tropical developing countries and is endemic in over 100 countries. Worldwide, there is a preval...
Article
Pulmonary cryptococcosis
Pulmonary cryptococcosis is a form of pulmonary fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans. The respiratory tract is the principal route of entry for infection via inhalation of fungal spores.
For a general discussion of infection with this organism, please refer...
Article
Chagas disease
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis (plural: trypanosomiases), is a tropical parasitic infection with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations since it can virtually affect any organ, but there are characteristic radiological features.
Epidemiology
Chagas disease is endemi...
Article
Listeria rhombencephalitis
Listeria rhombencephalitis is a particular form of listerial encephalitis that affects primarily the hindbrain (brainstem and cerebellum). Listeria monocytogenes, an anaerobic bacterium, is cited as the most common etiology for rhombencephalitis, typically seen in the elderly, and resulting in s...
Article
Mumps
Mumps is a (usually) self-limited viral infection that often occurs in epidemics among children. Its incidence has markedly diminished in countries with childhood vaccination programs, but may still be seen in adult patients who have not received vaccinations or who have waning immunity. It may ...
Article
Common variable immunodeficiency
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a condition that is associated with an impaired immune system. It is considered the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and is characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections.
Clinical presentation
The commonest presentation is th...
Article
Brucellosis
Brucellosis is a global zoonotic infection secondary to any of the four Brucella spp. that infect humans. It can be focal or systemic but has a particular affinity for the musculoskeletal system.
Epidemiology
Brucellosis occurs worldwide but is particularly prevalent in Mediterranean regions,...
Article
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis (also referred to as bilharzia or snail fever) is the result of infection by blood fluke (trematode worm) of the Schistosoma species.
Epidemiology
Schistosomiasis is very common, affecting over 200 million people, with the vast majority (85%) in Africa. It is prevalent in tropi...
Article
Higoumenakis sign (clavicle)
The Higoumenakis sign is the unilateral enlargement of the sternal end of the clavicle in patients with late congenital syphilis. It was originally described as a clinical sign on physical examination but can also be recognized on chest radiograph 5.
Pathology
Treponema pallidum becomes readil...
Article
Neurosyphilis
Neurosyphilis results from infection of the central nervous system by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, subspecies pallidum. The disease has a heterogeneous spectrum of early and late manifestations.
For a general discussion, and for links to other system-specific manifestations, please refer ...
Article
Syphilis
Syphilis is the result of infection with the gram-negative spirochete Treponema pallidum, subspecies pallidum. It results in a heterogeneous spectrum of disease with many systems that can potentially be involved, which are discussed separately.
Epidemiology
Despite the discovery of penicillin...
Article
Neurocandidiasis
Neurocandidiasis results from disseminated infection of the central nervous system by the fungus Candida albicans, usually manifesting as cerebral microabscesses and meningitis.
Epidemiology
CNS disease is thought to occur in up to 52% of patients with disseminated candidiasis, but predominate...
Article
Eastern equine encephalitis
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is one of many viral encephalitides and results from infection with the eastern equine encephalitis virus.
Clinical presentation
Most patients have non-specific viral prodromal symptoms for approximately one week, including fevers, headache, nausea and vomitin...
Article
Murray Valley encephalitis
Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), also known as Australian encephalitis, is one of many viral encephalitides and Flavivirus encephalitides, resulting from infection with the Murray Valley encephalitis virus.
Clinical presentation
Most patients have non-specific viral prodromal symptoms for app...
Article
Intracranial mycotic aneurysm
Intracranial mycotic aneurysms, or intracranial infectious aneurysms, describe aneurysms arising from infection of the arterial wall of intracranial vessels.
See mycotic aneurysm for a general discussion on infectious aneurysms.
Epidemiology
The epidemiology of intracerebral mycotic aneurysms...
Article
Emphysematous prostatitis
Emphysematous prostatitis refers to gas-forming infection of the prostate, nearly always occurring concurrently with prostatic abscess.
Epidemiology
The condition is rare, most commonly presenting in males aged 50-70 years and usually confined to certain patient subgroups 1,2.
Risk factors
R...
Article
Fungal ball of the urinary tract
Fungal balls of the urinary tract, also known as fungal bezoars or mycetomas of the urinary tract, are a rare manifestation of funguria, usually candiduria.
Epidemiology
While candiduria may be seen in approximately 20% of hospitalized patients 1, development of fungal balls is considered very...
Article
COVID-19
For a quick reference guide, please see our COVID-19 summary article.
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus. The first cases were seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 before ...
Article
Basic reproduction number
The basic reproduction number (R0), also known as just the reproductive number, basic reproductive number, basic reproductive ratio, reproduction number, R nought or R zero, is a term in epidemiology for the average number of cases in a susceptible population that will be generated by an existin...
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