Items tagged “lungs”
41 results found
Article
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis (plural: bronchiectases) is defined as an irreversible abnormal dilatation of the bronchial tree. It has a variety of underlying causes, with a common etiology of chronic inflammation. High-resolution CT is the most accurate modality for diagnosis.
Epidemiology
As there are many...
Article
Chronic unilateral airspace opacification (differential)
Chronic unilateral airspace opacification is a subset of the differential diagnoses for airspace opacification. An exhaustive list of all possible causes of chronic unilateral airspace opacities is long, but a useful framework is as follows:
neoplastic
post obstructive
lymphoma
lymphocytic ...
Article
Pulmonary edema grading
One pulmonary edema grading based on chest radiograph appearances and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is as follows:
grade 0: normal chest radiograph, PCWP 8-12 mmHg
grade 1: shows evidence of upper lobe diversion on a chest radiograph, PCWP 13-18 mmHg
grade 2: shows interstitial ed...
Article
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), previously known as Wegener granulomatosis, is a multisystem necrotizing non-caseating granulomatous c-ANCA positive vasculitis affecting small to medium-sized arteries, capillaries, and veins, with a predilection for the respiratory system and kidneys.
T...
Article
Asbestosis
Asbestosis is an occupational fibrotic lung disease associated with high levels of asbestos fiber inhalation. Fibrosis is lower lobe predominant and can progress. Even without progression the risk of lung cancer is increased. The presence of pleural plaques is variable 10.
Epidemiology
Asbest...
Article
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Primary ciliary dyskinesia, also known as immotile cilia syndrome, is the result of a congenital defect in the ultrastructure of cilia that renders them incapable of normal movement. It is associated with a number of anatomic and functional abnormalities.
Epidemiology
Primary ciliary dyskinesi...
Article
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is a disease of unknown etiology characterized on imaging by multifocal ground glass opacifications and/or consolidation. A wide variety of infectious as well as noninfectious causes may result in a similar histologic pattern.
Terminology
Organizing pneum...
Article
Round pneumonia
Round pneumonia is a type of pneumonia usually only seen in pediatric patients. They are well defined, rounded opacities that represent regions of infected consolidation.
Epidemiology
The mean age of patients with round pneumonia is 5 years and 90% of patients who present with round pneumonia ...
Article
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a low-grade destructive metastasizing PEComatous tumor 1 resulting from the proliferation of LAM cells in the lung, kidney and axial lymphatics. The disease is caused by mutations of the TSC2 or TSC1 genes and is more commonly sporadic rather than inherited. Cys...
Article
Cystic fibrosis (pulmonary manifestations)
Pulmonary manifestations of cystic fibrosis are some of the best known in cystic fibrosis (CF). This is partly because the lungs are often severely affected and the cause of significant morbidity and mortality.
For general discussion of cystic fibrosis, and a discussion of its other manifestat...
Article
Tuberculosis (pulmonary manifestations)
Pulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis are varied and depend in part whether the infection is primary or post-primary. The lungs are the most common site of primary infection by tuberculosis and are a major source of spread of the disease and of individual morbidity and mortality.
A general d...
Article
Ghon lesion
A Ghon lesion, sometimes called a Ghon focus, represents a tuberculous caseating granuloma (tuberculoma) and represents a sequela of primary pulmonary tuberculosis infection.
Terminology
Radiologically, this term is used quite loosely to refer to a calcified granuloma; technically, the Ghon le...
Article
Obstructive bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Obstructive bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is an uncommon manifestation of non-invasive aspergillosis seen in patients with AIDS. It is typically caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and represents marked overgrowth of intraluminal of the fungus.
Article
Aspergilloma
Aspergillomas are mass-like fungus balls (mycetomas) typically composed of Aspergillus fumigatus and are a non-invasive form of pulmonary aspergillosis. They usually fall under the subgroup chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
Epidemiology
Aspergillomas occur in patients with normal immunity but s...
Article
Mycetoma (soft-tissue)
Mycetoma refers to a chronic and progressively destructive granulomatous disease. The defining clinical triad comprises:
localized mass-like soft tissue injury with
draining sinuses, that
discharge grains of contagious material
It is one of the 17 "neglected tropical diseases", as defined ...
Article
Subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (previously known as chronic necrotizing aspergillosis or semi-invasive aspergillosis) is subacute to chronic localized and indolent form of invasive aspergillosis. It is also sometimes grouped under the term chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
Epidemiolog...
Article
Halo sign (chest)
The halo sign in chest imaging is a feature seen on lung window settings, ground glass opacity surrounding a pulmonary nodule or mass and represents hemorrhage. It is typically seen in angioinvasive aspergillosis.
Pathology
Histopathologically, it represents a focus of pulmonary infarction sur...
Article
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is an aggressive malignant tumor of the mesothelium. Most tumors arise from the pleura, and so this article will focus on pleural mesothelioma.
Given the presence of the mesothelium in different parts of the body, mesothelioma can arise in var...
Article
Asbestos body
An asbestos body is a histological finding in interstitial lung disease that is suggestive of significant occupational asbestos exposure. They are usually identified following a parenchymal lung biopsy 3.
Macrophage ingestion of the asbestos fibers triggers a fibrogenic response via the release...
Article
Secondary pulmonary lobule
The secondary pulmonary lobule, also known as the pulmonary lobule, is considered the functional unit of the lung, and is key to HRCT terminology.
Terminology
The terminology used to describe the fundamental gas exchange units of the lung can be confusing. The inconsistent descriptions in part...
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