Items tagged “neurosurgery”
15 results found
Article
Open ring sign
The open ring sign is a relatively specific sign for demyelination, most commonly multiple sclerosis (MS), and is helpful in distinguishing between the causes of ring-enhancing lesions.
Radiographic features
The enhancing component is thought to represent advancing front of demyelination and ...
Article
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of extra-axial intracranial hemorrhage and denotes the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space.
Epidemiology
Patients tend to be older middle age, typically less than 60 years old 2. Subarachnoid hemorrhage accounts for 3% of stroke and 5% of str...
Article
Subdural hemorrhage
Subdural hemorrhage/hematoma (SDH) is a collection of blood accumulating in the subdural space. Subdural hemorrhage can happen in any age group, is mainly due to head trauma and CT scans are usually sufficient to make the diagnosis. Prognosis varies widely depending on the size and chronicity of...
Article
Subfalcine herniation
Subfalcine herniation, also known as midline shift or cingulate hernia, is the most common type of cerebral herniation. It is generally caused by unilateral frontal, parietal or temporal lobe disease that pushes ipsilateral cingulate gyrus beneath the free edge of the falx cerebri to the opposit...
Article
Intracerebral hemorrhage
An intracerebral hemorrhage, or intraparenchymal cerebral hemorrhage, is a subset of an intracranial hemorrhage as well as of stroke, defined by the acute accumulation of blood within the brain parenchyma.
This article concerns non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhages; traumatic hemorrhagic cere...
Article
Odontoid fracture
Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2.
Pathology
The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5.
Classification
There are two...
Article
Cauda equina syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome is considered an incomplete cord syndrome, even though it occurs below the conus. Cauda equina syndrome refers to a collection of symptoms and signs that result from severe compression of the descending lumbar and sacral nerve roots. It is most commonly caused by an acutely...
Article
Spinal epidural abscess
Spinal epidural abscess represents infection of the epidural space, located between the spinal dura mater and the vertebral periosteum. It can present with rapidly deteriorating neurological function due to compression. Imaging is best performed with MRI and emergency surgery is often required. ...
Article
Uncal herniation
Uncal herniation is a subtype of transtentorial downward brain herniation that involves the uncus, usually related to cerebral mass effect increasing the intracranial pressure.
Clinical presentation
pupils and globe clinical features 3
initially, an ipsilateral dilated pupil that is unrespons...
Article
Midline shift
Midline shift is one of the most important indicators of increased intracranial pressure due to mass effect.
Pathology
Any intra-axial or extra-axial lesion (tumor, hemorrhage, abscess, etc.) has the potential to exert mass effect on the brain parenchyma and cause lateral shift of the midline ...
Article
Shunt-dependency in symptomatic aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage score
The shunt-dependency in symptomatic aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SDASH) score is a harmonized score for the prediction of hydrocephalus requiring shunting after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The tool is employed in the acute phase to predict which patients will require shunting, rather than to...
Article
Raised intracranial pressure
Raised intracranial pressure is a pathological increase in the intracranial pressure and is a medical emergency.
Clinical presentation
The symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure are often non-specific and insidious in onset:
headache
drowsiness
anorexia
visual disturbances
bl...
Article
Subdural drain
Subdural drains (SDDs) are inserted as a neurosurgical procedure to manage subdural hygromas 1 and chronic subdural hematomas 2. The drain is ideally closed system 1. It may, for example, be a Jackson-Pratt catheter3 or subdural evacuating port system 4.
To insert a SDD, a skin incision is mad...
Article
Pterional approach (neurosurgery)
The pterional or fronto-temporo-sphenoidal approach is one of the most frequently performed neurocranial craniotomy/craniectomy approaches and allows access to numerous important supratentorial anatomical substrates of vascular and neoplastic pathology.
History
It was originally described and ...
Article
Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation
Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation is a scoliosis restorative method employed since 1983. Principally this procedure is used in any situation requiring posterior spinal instrumentation with rigid fixation like fractures and retrolisthesis. Contrary to Harrington rods, this procedure is much better...
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