Items tagged “oncology”
445 results found
Article
Second branchial cleft cyst
Second branchial cleft cysts are a cystic dilatation of the remnant of the second branchial cleft (see branchial apparatus), and along with second branchial fistulae and sinuses accounts for 95% of all branchial cleft anomalies.
Clinical presentation
Although a congenital abnormality, they ten...
Article
Adrenal adenoma
Adrenal adenomas (alternative plural: adenomata) are the most common adrenal lesion and are often found incidentally during abdominal imaging for other reasons. In all cases, but especially in the setting of known current or previous malignancy, adrenal adenomas need to be distinguished from adr...
Article
Musculoskeletal angiosarcoma
Musculoskeletal angiosarcomas, (along with haemangiopericytomas and haemangioendotheliomas) are tumours that arise from vascular structures. They are typically difficult to distinguish from one another on imaging alone.
Angiosarcomas, are the most aggressive of the three, frequently having meta...
Article
Anterior mediastinal mass
Anterior mediastinal masses can be caused by neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathology. These masses arise in the anterior mediastinum, that portion of the mediastinum anterior to the pericardium and below the level of the clavicles.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of anterior mediastinal masses on...
Article
Bone marrow
Bone marrow is ubiquitous throughout the skeleton, primarily composed of haematopoietic cells and fat cells between bony trabeculae and fibrous retinacula. It performs numerous physiological functions and dynamically changes during normal ageing and in response to stressors and pathology. Althou...
Article
Brain tumours in infancy
Common brain tumours in infancy (i.e. under one year of age) are quite different from those of brain tumours in adulthood. Most are located in the supratentorial region (~65%) and they carry a poor prognosis.
The frequency of these tumours varies according to studies, but the most common brain ...
Article
Benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound
Benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound allow the classification as either malignant, intermediate or benign based on work published by Stavros et al. in 1995.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Malignant characteristics (with positive predictive values)
sonog...
Article
Breast lymphoma
Breast lymphoma refers to the involvement of the breast with lymphoma and may be primary or secondary.
Epidemiology
Both primary and secondary breast lymphomas are rare. Breast lymphoma accounts for <1% of all breast malignancies and <2% of all extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma 11. Secondary lym...
Article
Cardiac myxoma
Cardiac myxomas, although uncommon are one of the commonest primary cardiac tumours and account for ~50% primary benign cardiac tumours.
Epidemiology
Cardiac myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumour in adults (~50%) but are relatively infrequent in childhood, where cardiac rhabdomyo...
Article
Central neurocytoma
Central neurocytomas are WHO grade 2 neuroepithelial intraventricular tumours with fairly characteristic imaging features, appearing as heterogeneous masses of variable size and enhancement within the lateral ventricle, typically attached to the septum pellucidum. They are typically seen in youn...
Article
Choledochal cyst
Choledochal cysts represent congenital cystic dilatations of the biliary tree. Diagnosis relies on excluding other conditions as a cause of biliary duct dilatation, e.g. tumour, gallstone, inflammation.
Epidemiology
Choledochal cysts are rare, with an incidence of 1:100,000-150,000. Although t...
Article
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in adults. CT is the mainstay for colon cancer locoregional staging and MRI is the mainstay for rectal cancer locoregional staging.
This article focuses on colon ca...
Article
Cystic meningioma
The term cystic meningioma is applied to both meningiomas with intratumoural degenerative cyst formation as well as those with peritumoral arachnoid cysts or reactive intraparenchymal cysts.
They should not be confused with microcystic meningiomas, a distinct variant, in which the cysts are mi...
Article
Multiple cystic neck lesions (differential)
The differential diagnosis for multiple cystic neck lesions is different to that for a solitary cystic neck mass.
Differential diagnosis
Cystic neck lesions are seen in:
metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: older patient, M>F
metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma: usually a younger patient, ...
Article
Cystic lesions of the pancreas (differential)
The differential for cystic lesions of the pancreas includes:
unilocular
pancreatic pseudocyst
intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
serous cystadenoma uncommonly uni/macrolocular
simple pancreatic cyst
cystic neuroendocrine tumour of the pancreas
diffuse pancreatic cysts
pancre...
Article
Ependymoma
Ependymomas represent a relatively broad group of glial tumours most often arising from the lining of the ventricles of the brain or the central canal of the spinal cord. They account for ~5% of all neuroepithelial neoplasms, ~10% of all paediatric brain tumours and up to 33% of brain tumours oc...
Article
Fibrinous pericarditis
Fibrinous pericarditis is an inflammatory process involving the pericardium, leading to a rough and granular appearance with numerous fibrous adhesions 4.
Clinical presentation
Pericardial friction rub may be heard.
Pathology
Aetiology
viral
acute idiopathic
tuberculosis
pyogenic
acute ...
Article
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), previously known as hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), is a condition arising from occlusion of hepatic venules.
Clinical presentation
right upper quadrant pain
painful hepatomegaly
ascites
abnormal liver function tests
Pathology
Toxic injury to l...
Article
Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin disease (HD) is a type of lymphoma and accounts for ~1% of all cancers. Hodgkin disease spreads contiguously and predictably along lymphatic pathways and is curable in ~90% of cases, depending on its stage and subtype.
Epidemiology
There is a bimodal distribution in...
Article
Intraventricular meningioma
Intraventricular meningiomas are rare tumours usually encountered in adults and are somewhat distinct from the far more common extra-ventricular meningioma.
On imaging, they classically present as vividly enhancing solid mass at the trigone of the lateral ventricles.
Epidemiology
Intraventric...
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