Items tagged “oncology”
187 results found
Article
Hypothalamic lesions
Hypothalamic lesions are numerous representing some entities that are unique to the hypothalamus, as well as many lesions that can be seen elsewhere within the brain. Additionally, due to its proximity to the optic chiasm, third ventricle and pituitary region, many lesions of these locations can...
Article
Renal osteodystrophy
Renal osteodystrophy, also known as uremic osteopathy, is a constellation of musculoskeletal abnormalities that occur in patients with chronic renal failure, due to concurrent and superimposed:
osteomalacia (adults) or rickets (children)
secondary hyperparathyroidism: abnormal calcium and phos...
Article
Unilateral testicular lesions
The differential diagnosis for unilateral testicular lesions is wide-ranging.
Neoplastic
Common
seminoma (40-50% of testicular malignancies)
non-seminomatous germ cell tumors:
testicular teratoma
testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only)
testicular choriocarcinoma
t...
Article
Bilateral testicular lesions
Bilateral testicular lesions have a relatively limited differential diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis
Neoplastic
lymphoblastic leukemia (acute or chronic)
lymphoma (non-Hodgkin's)
primary testicular lymphoma is rare but the testes are often the site of lymphoma/leukemia recurrence ...
Article
Pedunculated intratracheal mass
A pedunculated intratracheal mass has a variety of differential diagnoses:
benign tumor, e.g. hamartoma, chondroma, lipoma
hemangioma
inspissated mucus
metastasis to tracheal mucosa, e.g. renal cell carcinoma, melanoma
polyp, e.g. inflammatory, antrochoanal
papilloma
post-intubation trach...
Article
CT angiogram sign (lungs)
The CT angiogram sign refers to vessels appearing prominent on contrast-enhanced CT as they traverse an airless low attenuation portion of consolidated lung 1,2. This sign has been associated with 1,2:
lung adenocarcinoma 3
pulmonary lymphoma
metastasis from gastrointestinal carcinom...
Article
Adrenal calcification
Adrenal calcification is not a rare finding in healthy asymptomatic people and is usually the result of previous hemorrhage or tuberculosis. Addison disease patients only occasionally develop calcification.
Pathology
Etiology
Hemorrhage
sepsis: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
blunt abdomi...
Article
Duodenal filling defects
Duodenal filling defects may be caused by a wide variety of duodenal pathology which may be divided by their location and pathological process.
Extrinsic
gallbladder impression
common bile duct impression
gas-filled diverticulum
Intrinsic
Note: please refer to duodenal mucosal nodular fill...
Article
Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly refers to an increase in size or enlargement of the liver.
Pathology
Etiology
Hepatomegaly can result from a vast range of pathology including, but not limited to, the following:
malignancy/cellular infiltrate
multiple metastases
lymphoma(s)
leukemia(s)
hepatocellular carci...
Article
Cervical lymph node (staging)
Cervical lymph node staging refers to evaluating regional nodal metastasis from primary cancer of the head and neck. The following article reflects the 8th edition of the TNM staging system published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for staging starting January 1, 2018 1,...
Article
Tram-track sign (orbit)
Tram-track sign refers to the parallel thickening and enhancement around the optic nerve, and is most frequently seen in the setting of optic nerve meningioma. It may, however, also be seen in 1:
orbital pseudotumor
perioptic neuritis
orbital sarcoidosis
orbital leukemia
orbital lymphoma
o...
Article
Optic nerve enlargement
Enlargement of the optic nerves is uncommon. Swelling of the optic nerves has a surprisingly broad differential.
Etiology
neoplastic
optic nerve glioma
optic nerve meningioma
leukemia
orbital lymphoma
metastases
juvenile xanthogranuloma
medulloepithelioma
involvement by retinoblastoma
...
Article
Cerebral ring enhancing lesions
The differential for peripheral or ring enhancing cerebral lesions includes:
cerebral abscess
tuberculoma
neurocysticercosis
metastasis
glioblastoma
subacute infarct/hemorrhage/contusion
demyelination (incomplete ring)
tumefactive demyelinating lesion (incomplete ring)
radiation necrosi...
Article
Bethesda criteria of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
The Bethesda criteria are an alternative to the Amsterdam criteria for the clinical diagnosis of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
Diagnosis of HNPCC is made if any of the following criteria are fulfilled:
Amsterdam criteria are met
2 or more HNPCC related malignancies
pa...
Article
Small bowel lymphoma
Small bowel lymphoma is one of the most common small bowel malignancies, accounting for ~25% of all primary small bowel malignancies, and ~40% of all primary gastrointestinal lymphomas.
Epidemiology
Small bowel lymphoma is most commonly secondary extranodal involvement in widespread systemic l...
Article
Osteopoikilosis
Osteopoikilosis is a sclerosing bony dysplasia characterized by multiple benign enostoses. It is a rare inherited benign condition incidentally found on skeletal x-rays. Its importance is predominantly in correct diagnosis so that it is not mistaken for pathology.
Epidemiology
The bone islands...
Article
Brachytherapy
Brachytherapy, also known as sealed source radiotherapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of radiotherapy where a radioactive source is placed, under the guidance of imaging, within or next to the area requiring treatment. This provides localized targeted internal radiation.
Brachytherapy has been...
Article
Vertebra plana
Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture.
Pathology
It can occur in a var...
Article
Hepatic peliosis
Hepatic peliosis is a rare benign vascular condition characterized by dilatation of sinusoidal blood-filled spaces within the liver. There may be involvement of other organs, most commonly the spleen and bone marrow. It can be seen in a variety of settings and is important as appearances may mim...
Article
Neuroblastoma (staging)
There are two methods of neuroblastoma staging, one that is based on post-operative patients (INSS) and one developed for pre-treatment patients (INRGSS).
Staging
International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS)
This staging system is for post-operative patients and mainly for prognosis 1:
...