Items tagged “oncology”
187 results found
Article
Post surgical breast scar
Post surgical breast scar is a benign complication that usually occurs following surgical intervention to breast tissue. It can however be a strong and potentially very confusing mimicker of breast malignancy.
Radiographic features
Review of the patient's past history and previous mammography ...
Article
Immature ovarian teratoma
Immature ovarian teratomas are uncommon ovarian germ cell tumors. They differ from mature ovarian teratomas (dermoid cysts) both histologically by the presence of immature tissue, and clinically by their more malignant behavior.
Epidemiology
They are considerably less common than mature ovaria...
Article
PET-CT indications
PET-CT is a combination of cross-sectional anatomic information provided by CT and the metabolic information provided by positron emission tomography (PET).
PET is most commonly performed with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). Fluorine-18 (F-18) is an unstable radioisotope and has a half-...
Article
Pulmonary opacification
Pulmonary opacification represents the result of a decrease in the ratio of gas to soft tissue (blood, lung parenchyma and stroma) in the lung. When reviewing an area of increased attenuation (opacification) on a chest radiograph or CT it is vital to determine where the opacification is. The pat...
Article
Breast abscess
A breast abscess is a relatively rare but significant complication of mastitis that may occur during breastfeeding, particularly in primiparous women. The clinical context is a key to diagnosis as imaging appearances (particularly ultrasound) can mimic many other entities such as breast carcinom...
Article
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a very rare genetic multi-system disorder primarily characterized by intellectual disability, broad and often angulated thumbs and halluces, and distinctive facial features.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 100,000-125,000 live births 5.
Clinical...
Article
Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) assessment category 4
A BI-RADS 4 lesion under the breast imaging-reporting and data system refers to a suspicious abnormality. BI-RADS 4 lesions may not have the characteristic morphology of breast cancer but have a definite probability of being malignant. A biopsy is recommended for these lesions. If possible, the ...
Article
Fibrosarcoma of the breast
Fibrosarcoma of the breast is a type of malignant stromal sarcoma that rarely occurs as a primary tumor within the breast.
Pathology
A fibrosarcoma is composed of immature mesenchymal elements surrounded by a collagenous substance. It is a type of breast sarcoma with a predominant “herringbon...
Article
Technique of masking
Masking is very important when viewing mammograms, especially with high-density breasts. It helps the adaptation of the eye to the luminance of the mammograms on the view box.
The technique of masking allows the comparative study of small areas of both breasts and is a feature of motorised view...
Article
Breast architectural distortion
Breast architectural distortion is a descriptive term in breast imaging (mammography, ultrasound, and MRI) to indicate that the breast parenchyma is tethered or indented. The finding per se is not a mass.
Pathology
Architectural distortion is often due to a desmoplastic reaction in which there...
Article
Fetal cardiac tumors
Fetal cardiac tumors refer to primary cardiac tumors that can present in the in utero population.
Epidemiology
Fetal cardiac tumors are rare; the prevalence, reported from autopsy studies of patients of all ages, varies from 0.0017-0.28 % 2.
Pathology
Known cardiac tumor types that present ...
Article
Transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap
Transplantation of a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap is a commonly used surgical procedure for breast reconstruction following mastectomy.
An autologous myocutaneous flap consisting of abdominal skin, subcutaneous fat, the rectus abdominis muscle, and adjoining vasculature ...
Article
Ductal adenoma of the breast
A ductal adenoma of the breast is a benign glandular tumor of the breast that usually fills and distends the ductal lumen.
Epidemiology
They may occur in women of all ages, although the majority of patients are 60 years of age or greater 3.
Clinical presentation
Ductal adenomas usually prese...
Article
Asymmetry (mammography)
Asymmetries in mammography represent a spectrum of morphological descriptors for a unilateral fibroglandular-density finding seen on one or more mammographic projections that do not meet criteria for a mass. The term refers to a density finding and should not be confused with asymmetry in breast...
Article
Unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy (differential)
Unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy while being more concerning than bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy can still arise from a variety of benign, as well as malignant, causes.
Benign
mastitis
other regional infective causes
tuberculosis
ipsilateral arm infection, e.g. cellulitis
silicone i...
Article
Sweet syndrome
Sweet syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by a constellation of clinical symptoms, physical features, and pathologic findings which include:
fever
neutrophilia
tender erythematous skin lesions (papules, nodules and plaques)
a diffuse infiltrate consisting predom...
Article
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon inflammatory disease of the gallbladder that may be difficult to differentiate from malignancy, both on imaging and pathologically. It is characterized by the presence of multiple intramural nodules.
Epidemiology
Xanthogranulomatous cholec...
Article
Endosteal scalloping
Endosteal scalloping refers to the focal resorption of the inner layer of the cortex (i.e. the endosteum) of bones, most typically long bones, due to slow-growing medullary lesions 1.
It is important to note that although it is evidence of a slow non-infiltrative lesion, it does not equate to b...
Article
Inferior vena caval thrombosis
Inferior vena caval thrombosis is an essential diagnosis while evaluating any neoplastic lesion, or portal hypertension. It is also important to differentiate bland thrombus from tumor thrombus.
Clinical features
A patient can present with many features which include
bilateral pedal edema
Bu...
Article
MRI protocols
MRI protocols are a combination of various MRI sequences, designed to optimally assess a particular region of the body and/or pathological process.
There are some general principles of protocol design for each area. However, the specifics of a protocol are dependent on MRI hardware and software...
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