Items tagged “ophthalmology”
32 results found
Article
Idiopathic orbital inflammation
Idiopathic orbital inflammation, also known as orbital pseudotumor and non-specific orbital inflammation, is an idiopathic inflammatory condition that most commonly involves the extraocular muscles. Less commonly there is inflammatory change involving the uvea, sclera, lacrimal gland, and retrob...
Article
Retinal detachment
Retinal detachment is a detachment of the neurosensory retina from the underlying pigmented choroid. Apposition of the retinal pigmented epithelium to the overlying retina is essential for normal retinal function.
Terminology
There are numerous subtypes of retinal detachment 5:
rhegmatogenous...
Article
Adie syndrome
Adie syndrome, also known as Holmes-Adie syndrome, is a rare neurological disorder.
Epidemiology
Adie syndrome is a rare condition that is most commonly seen in young females in their fourth decade of life 2,3.
Clinical presentation
Patients most commonly present with a classic triad of:
di...
Article
Exudative retinitis
Exudative retinitis, also known as retinal telangiectasis or Coats disease, is a rare congenital disease affecting the eyes and is a cause of leukocoria.
Epidemiology
It occurs predominantly in young males, with the onset of symptoms generally appearing in the first decade of life with a peak ...
Article
Extraocular muscles
The extraocular muscles (EOMs) are the six skeletal muscles that insert onto the eye and hence control eye movements.
Terminology
The extraocular muscles maybe subdivided into the recti muscles and the oblique muscles.
Action
A summary of the principal actions of each muscle are given below....
Article
Ocular metastasis
Ocular metastases, also termed uveal metastases, account for over 80% of all ocular pathology, and need to be distinguished from extraocular metastasis, which are quite different groups of tumors.
This article will discuss metastatic lesions affecting the orbits. For other intracranial metastat...
Article
Globe rupture
Globe rupture is an ophthalmologic emergency. A ruptured globe or an open-globe injury must be assessed in any patient who has suffered orbital trauma because open-globe injuries are a major cause of blindness.
In blunt trauma, ruptures are most common just posterior to the insertions of the re...
Article
Proptosis
Proptosis (rare plural: proptoses) refers to forward protrusion of the globe with respect to the orbit. Proptosis can be relative (to the contralateral eye), comparative (to a prior measurement of the same eye), or absolute (based on normal population reference values).
Terminology
Exophthalmo...
Article
Optic neuropathy
Optic neuropathy is a broad term and can result from a variety of causes.
Pathology
genetic
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
compression or trauma (traumatic optic neuropathy)
optic nerve sheath meningioma
progressive diaphyseal dysplasia
thyroid-associated orbitopathy
shear injury
inf...
Article
Optic neuritis
Optic neuritis denotes inflammation of the optic nerve and is one of the more common causes of optic neuropathy. It can be thought of as broadly divided into infectious and non-infectious causes, although the latter is far more frequent. On imaging, optic neuritis is most easily identified as a ...
Article
Scleritis
Scleritis refers to inflammation of the sclera. It has a wide range of causes.
Epidemiology
It can affect any age group but usually those between ages 30 and 50 years. There is a recognized increased female predilection (F:M of ~2:1).
Pathology
Information on the pathogenesis of scleritis is...
Article
Enlarged extraocular muscles (differential)
There is a short list of causes for enlarged extraocular muscles. The differential can be narrowed by the clinical history, known systemic illness, pattern of specific muscles involved, the muscle morphology, as well as concurrent findings outside the muscles 3:
inflammatory, infectious, and de...
Article
Choroidal detachment
Choroidal detachment is a detachment of the choroid from the underlying sclera due to the accumulation of fluid in the suprachoroidal space generally due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP), as observed in some settings:
choroidal effusion
transudative: trauma
exudative: fluid accumulatin...
Article
Nasolacrimal tumors
Nasolacrimal tumors, in other words, tumors involving the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus are uncommon and have a variety of histologies. They are a more common cause of a lacrimal sac mass than an inflammatory cause.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation of nasolacrimal tumors are typi...
Article
Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis (plural: endophthalmitides) is a potentially sight-threatening condition that involves intraocular inflammation of any cause. It is distinguished from panophthalmitis in that it does not extend beyond the sclera. It is either infectious or non-infectious in etiology, but in clini...
Article
Adie pupil
Adie pupil (also known as tonic pupil) is caused by idiopathic degeneration of the ciliary ganglion, which sometimes occurs following a viral or bacterial illness. It is usually unilateral and typically affects young females 1.
Adie pupil represents a large dilated "tonic pupil", which does not...
Article
Brown syndrome (orbit)
Brown syndrome refers to a failure of upward gaze while the eye is adducted secondary to an abnormality of the superior oblique tendon sheath complex.
Pathology
This abnormality is a little counter-intuitive and highlights how the action of the superior oblique is position-dependent and that e...
Article
Senile calcific scleral plaques
Senile calcific scleral plaques, also known as senile scleral plaques, are benign degenerations of the ocular sclerae, common in elderly individuals. They are a common incidental finding on CT.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of senile scleral plaques increases with age, from ~2.5% at age 60, to 2...
Article
Scleromalacia perforans
Scleromalacia perforans, or non-inflammatory necrotizing scleritis, is a severe and very rare form of scleritis.
Epidemiology
Associations
rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn disease
ulcerative colitis
systemic lupus erythematosus
Behçet disease 5
relapsing polychondritis 5
granulomatosis with p...
Article
Trochlear nerve palsy
Trochlear nerve palsies, or fourth nerve palsies, result in weakness of the superior oblique muscle.
Clinical presentation
Vertical diplopia and ipsilateral hypertropia in the absence of ptosis, combined with a head tilt away from the affected side, are strongly suggestive of trochlear nerve p...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.