Items tagged “pancreas”
52 results found
Article
Whipple triad
Whipple triad is the clinical presentation of pancreatic insulinoma and consists of:
fasting hypoglycemia (<50 mg/dL or <2.7 mmol/L)
symptoms of hypoglycemia
immediate relief of symptoms after the administration of intravenous glucose
History and etymology
The triad and also the Whipple pro...
Article
Gastrinoma
Gastrinomas are the second most common pancreatic endocrine tumor and the most common type in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I).
Epidemiology
Most gastrinomas are sporadic, although some are seen in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I). In general...
Article
Glucagonoma
Glucagonomas are pancreatic endocrine tumors that secrete glucagon. Most lesions are malignant.
Epidemiology
They are very rare with an incidence of ~0.000005% or less than 1 case per 20 million. Equal incidence in middle-aged men and women.
Accounts for 1% of all the neuroendocrine tumors a...
Article
Annular pancreas
Annular pancreas is a morphological anomaly that results in pancreatic tissue completely or incompletely encircling the duodenum. This condition can cause duodenal obstruction and is therefore important to recognize, as radiologists are frequently the first to make the diagnosis.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas
Solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas are rare and usually benign pancreatic cystic neoplasms that are most commonly seen in young females.
Terminology
The tumor has been referred to with multiple different names, including:
solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) of the pancreas
solid ps...
Article
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis (plural: pancreatitides) refers to inflammation involving the pancreas.
It has various forms which can be classified in many, many ways according to time of onset, etiological agent or associated pathology.
acute pancreatitis
interstitial edematous pancreatitis
necroti...
Article
Ampulla of Vater
The ampulla of Vater is a conical structure at the confluence of the common bile duct (CBD) and the main pancreatic duct that protrudes through a natural dehiscence of the duodenal wall at the major duodenal papilla into the medial aspect of the descending duodenum. The entire structure is encas...
Article
Pancreas divisum
Pancreas divisum represents a variation in pancreatic ductal anatomy that can be associated with abdominal pain and idiopathic pancreatitis. It is characterized, in the majority of cases, by the dorsal pancreatic duct (i.e. main pancreatic and Santorini ducts) directly entering the minor papilla...
Article
Necrotizing pancreatitis
Necrotizing pancreatitis represents a severe form of acute pancreatitis. It is considered a subtype of acute pancreatitis as necrosis usually tends to occur early, within the first 24-48 hours, but can also rarely occur with subacute forms.
A key feature is a significant amount of pancreatic an...
Article
Causes of pancreatitis (mnemonic)
A catchy and early learnt mnemonic for recalling some of the causes of pancreatitis is:
I GET SMASHED
Mnemonic
I: idiopathic
G: gallstones, genetic - cystic fibrosis
E: ethanol (alcohol)
T: trauma
S: steroids
M: mumps (and other infections)/malignancy
A: autoimmune
S: scorpion stings/s...
Article
Balthazar score
The Balthazar score is a subscore within the CT severity index (CTSI) for grading of acute pancreatitis.
The CTSI sums two scores:
Balthazar score: grading of pancreatitis (A-E)
grading the extent of pancreatic necrosis
The Balthazar score was originally used alone, but the addition of a sc...
Article
CT severity index in acute pancreatitis
The CT severity index (CTSI) is based on findings from an enhanced CT scan to assess the severity of acute pancreatitis. The severity of acute pancreatitis CT findings has been found to correlate well with clinical indices of severity.
The CT severity index sums two scores:
Balthazar score: g...
Article
Pancreatic duct diameter
The diameter of the (main) pancreatic duct is a commonly assessed parameter in imaging.
Gross anatomy
The duct diameter is greatest at the head and neck region and is slightly narrower towards the body and tail. Its normal reported value ranges between 1-3.5 mm in <50 year old and 2-5 mm in 70...
Article
Sphincter of Oddi
The sphincter of Oddi (also known as the sphincter of ampulla or choledochal sphincter) is a complex of four smooth muscle sphincters within the duodenal wall. It surrounds, and helps fix to the duodenum, the duct of Wirsung, common bile duct and the ampulla of Vater 1,2.
When relaxed it allow...
Article
Pancreatic trauma
The pancreas is uncommonly injured in blunt trauma. However, pancreatic trauma has a high morbidity and mortality rate.
Epidemiology
The pancreas is injured in ~7.5% (range 2-13%) of blunt trauma cases 1,3,7. Motor vehicle accidents account for the vast majority of cases. Penetrating trauma co...
Article
Gastroduodenal artery
The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is a terminal branch of the common hepatic artery which mainly supplies the pylorus of the stomach, proximal duodenum, and the head of the pancreas. Due to its proximity to the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum, the gastroduodenal artery is one of t...
Article
Pancreatic ultrasound
Pancreatic ultrasound can be used to assess for pancreatic malignancy, pancreatitis and its complications, as well as for other pancreatic pathology.
Preparation
Fast the patient to reduce interference from overlying bowel gas, which may otherwise make visualization difficult.
Scanning techni...
Article
Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis
The Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis from 2012 is an international multidisciplinary classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis, updating the 1992 Atlanta classification.
The worldwide consensus aims for an internationally agreed-upon classification of acute pancre...
Article
Appleby procedure
The Appleby procedure is a type of pancreatic cancer resection.
For some patients with pancreatic cancer involving the body and tail of the pancreas, involvement of the celiac axis is a classic contraindication to pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure).
With the Appleby procedure, there...
Article
Whipple procedure
The Whipple procedure (or partial pancreaticoduodenectomy) is considered the definitive surgical operation to resect carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, periampullary carcinoma, or duodenal carcinoma 1.
Procedure
In the procedure, the head of the pancreas and adjacent duodenum is resected. ...
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