Items tagged “pocus”

The superficial cervical plexus nerve block is a field block indicated for procedures involving, and anesthesia of, the anterolateral neck and the skin overlying the clavicle. The superficial cervical plexus (SCP) includes the greater auricular, lesser occipital, transverse cervical, and supracl...

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a cause of inner retinal infarction and profound, monocular vision loss, most commonly caused by embolic occlusion of the central retinal artery.  Epidemiology The most common etiological associations with occlusion of the central retinal artery inclu...

Transcranial​ ​Doppler​ ​(TCD)​, also known as transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) is a sonographic study of intracranial structures and blood vessels, used most commonly to identify the hemodynamic state present in the vertebrobasilar circulation and the circle of Willis.  Termin...

An ocular foreign body occurs when an orbital foreign body intrudes into the globe itself, often threatening vision, and requiring urgent surgical removal. Clinical presentation Patients present in a highly variable manner based on the precise intraocular location and properties of the foreign...

Utilizing automated Fourier analysis to convert returning sound waves into a series of individual frequencies, spectral Doppler refers to ultrasound modalities which yield graphical representations of flow velocity over time.  Terminology The frequency of the sound waves returned to an ultraso...

Blunt cardiac injury (BCI) is most commonly the result of sudden deceleration or direct precordial impact and encompasses a spectrum of structural and functional cardiac derangements that may occur after trauma to the heart 7. Terminology While sometimes referred to with general terms such as ...

The use of color flow Doppler (CFD) or color Doppler imaging (CDI) (or simply color Doppler) sonography allows the visualization of flow direction and velocity within a user defined area. A region of interest is defined by the sonographer, and the Doppler shifts of returning ultrasound waves wit...

Calculation of the left ventricular wall motion score index (WMSI) with transthoracic echocardiography allows the semi-quantification of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Calculation of the LVEF with a WMSI demonstrates stronger agreement with measures obtained by cardiac MRI, the gold ...

A variant of pulsed wave Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a modality in echocardiography that allows measurement of the velocity of myocardial movement throughout the cardiac cycle. Physics Color flow, pulsed wave, and continuous wave Doppler are designed to analyze the Doppler shifts ...

Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), also known as hyaloid detachment, occurs when the retinal layer and vitreous body/posterior hyaloid membrane dissociate, with an intervening fluid collection forming in the subhyaloid space. It is thought to be a common consequence of aging, occurring in more...

A leading cause of monocular vision loss, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is most commonly caused by thrombosis of the central retinal vein, resulting in retinal edema and hemorrhage. Terminology Occlusion of the central retinal vein is subclassified as ischemic and non-ischemic based on...

Subglottic stenosis is a condition characterized by narrowing of the subglottic airway (region below the vocal cords). It can be congenital or acquired 1. Epidemiology Subglottic stenosis is the third most common congenital airway abnormality. The incidence of subglottic stenosis has decreased...

Median nerve block is a technique used for providing anesthesia to the median nerve territory, it may be performed at the level of the arm, elbow, forearm or the wrist. Indications fracture reductions surgical repair of fractures incision and drainage of cysts and abscesses post-op...

Abnormal testicular Doppler flow (arterial, venous, or both) can be a differential challenge. Always remember that the patient's presenting history helps quite a bit in narrowing the differential. Reduced flow partial testicular torsion (<360 degrees) venous outflow is obstructed first, resul...

Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is a serious infection of the flexor tendon sheath of a finger that can lead to devastating consequences if delayed 1,2. With the early diagnosis and treatment of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis, the serious sequelae of infection are markedly decreased. In a large ser...

The stroke volume (SV) is referred to as the volume of blood ejected into the aorta or main pulmonary artery during each cardiac cycle. The stroke volume index (SVI) is the stroke volume corrected for the body surface area (BSA). Usage The stroke volume is another integral parameter used for t...

Fecal impaction is the inability to spontaneously evacuate solid feces. It is common in the elderly population. A severe form of fecal impaction is often referred to as a fecaloma.  Terminology Fecal loading is a poorly defined term but generally refers to the volume of fecal material in the c...

Mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) is an anatomic abnormality involving the confluence of the left atrium, mitral valve annulus, and the base of the left ventricle. It is classically associated with the spectrum of myxomatous disease of the mitral valve and mitral valve prolapse (MVP).  Epidemiol...

The Lindegaard ratio refers to the calculated ratio of the mean flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery and the ipsilateral extracranial internal carotid artery, as measured by transcranial Doppler 1. Its primary utility is, in the context of increased MCA velocities after subarachnoid hem...

Shock is a pathologic state in which cellular injury results from an inadequate degree of effective tissue perfusion 5. It is commonly subcategorized by hemodynamic parameters into hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and extracardiac obstructive shock 1. Common causes include hemorrhage, car...