Items tagged “pulmonary”

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of the following: liver disease dilation of pulmonary vasculature may involve pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, or pleural AVMs abnormalities in oxygenation elevation in the alveolar-ar...

Hemoptysis (plural: hemoptyses) refers to coughing up of blood. Generally, it appears bright red in color as opposed to blood from the gastrointestinal tract which appears dark red. It is considered an alarming sign of a serious underlying etiology. Terminology A variety of clinical classifica...

Pneumothorax is a serious potential consequence of blunt thoracic trauma and, if misdiagnosed, it may quickly become life-threatening. For a discussion on epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology, and treatment and prognosis please see the main pneumothorax article.  Radiographic feature...

The Geneva score is a clinical decision rule used to estimate the pre-test probability of pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients in which this diagnosis was considered. The criteria were originally published by the clinical team of the Geneva University Hospital in 2001 1, and revised and simplifie...

Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP or MPAP) can be estimated by echocardiography, although the gold standard remains measurements taken directly during right heart catheterization. It is calculated by the formula: (PASystolic pressure +2 PADiastolic pressure) / 3 The pulmonary arterial sys...

A submassive pulmonary embolism refers to an acute pulmonary embolism with evidence of myocardial necrosis or right ventricular dysfunction in the absence of systemic hypotension. An elevation in troponin I or T provides evidence of myocardial necrosis. Right ventricular dysfunction is defined b...

Bronchial stenosis, or bronchial strictures, are descriptive terms to denote regions of focal narrowing involving the bronchi. They can arise from a wide variety of etiologies. Pathology Etiology It can arise from a large range of etiological factors, which include: tracheobronchial malignan...

Platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome refers to the concomitant occurrence of dyspnea and hypoxemia, respectively, which are precipitated by assuming an upright position and alleviated by assuming a recumbent position 4. Clinical presentation As the name of the syndrome suggests, the hallmark clinic...