Items tagged “re-write”

Barkovich classifies focal cortical dysplasias, among his extensive classification system for malformations of cortical development, distributing them as follows: type I and type IIb (transcortical dysplasia - Taylor type with balloon cells) as non-neoplastic malformations due to abnormal neuro...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal failure, describes abnormal kidney structure or function, typically represented by a progressive loss of glomerular function. It is present when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for three consecutive mon...

Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, also referred as pontocerebellar hypoplasia of Barth, is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by hypoplasia of the pons and cerebellum. This condition has 10 different described subtypes, all of them with a prenatal onset 3.  History and et...

Billroth II gastrojejunostomy is a procedure that has been performed for tumor or severe ulcer disease in the distal stomach. There are many variations on the procedure, but they generally involve resection of the diseased portion of the distal stomach and a side-to-side anastomosis of the resi...

Radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy or cranial arteritis encompasses a complex and broad range of effects on the intra- and extracranial vessels resulting from injury from radiation exposure. Manifestations can include hemorrhages and ischemic strokes, cavernoma and capillary telangiectasias...

Facial palsy refers to the neurological syndrome of facial paralysis. It can result from a broad range of physiological insults to the facial nerve or its central nervous system origins. The most common causes of this is Bell palsy.  Terminology While facial palsy refers to the clinical presen...

Wilson disease, also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is a multisystem disease due to abnormal accumulation of copper. It is characterized by early onset liver cirrhosis with CNS findings most frequently affecting the basal ganglia and midbrain. This article aims to discuss the central n...

Trousseau syndrome is an inconsistently defined entity which broadly represents the association between thromboembolism and malignancy, often prior to or concomitantly with the diagnosis of the underlying malignancy 1. The syndrome has been variably defined to include entities such as migratory...

Right temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia is a less common subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration,  Two distinct pathologic subtypes have been identified with differing clinical presentation. One is a tauopathy, which clinically maps to a similar presentation to behavioral variant...

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MR perfusion is an MR perfusion technique which does not require intravenous administration of contrast (unlike DSC perfusion and DCE perfusion). Instead, it exploits the ability of MRI to magnetically label arterial blood below the imaging slab. The parameter most ...

Osteosclerosing (or osteosclerotic) myeloma is an uncommon form of multiple myeloma. It may manifest as multiple sclerotic lesions or areas of diffuse osteosclerosis 3. It once was considered in the same spectrum of plasma cell dyscrasias with polyneuropathy as POEMS syndrome but is now consider...

Orbital blow-in fractures are characterized by an inferior displaced injury of the roof of the orbit, usually due to a sudden traumatic-induced increase in intracranial pressure. Clinical presentation Complications orbital blow-in fractures are associated with intraorbital injuries extraocul...

Polyneuritis cranialis is often considered an oculopharyngeal subtype of Guillain-Barré syndrome, but the term has also been used for other subtypes of post-infectious and inflammatory polyneuritis (including diphteria, HIV, Lyme disease, sarcoidosis, post-chemotherapy, etc.) 1,2. The term was i...

Biotin, less commonly known as vitamin B7, and previously known as vitamin H or coenzyme R, is a water-soluble vitamin, part of the vitamin B complex, and a coenzyme for many reactions, including gluconeogenesis and the synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids. Biotin deficiency is very rare. ...

Deep brain ultrasound (DBUS) therapy, also known as transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), is a form of precision medicine using a technique based on the principle of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), also referred to as focused ultrasound surgery (FUS). Technique The meth...

Cystic bronchiectasis is one of the less common morphological forms of bronchiectasis. It may be present on its own or may occur in combination with other forms of bronchiectasis. For a general discussion, please refer to the article on bronchiectasis. Radiographic features It is characterize...

Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP) is a rare genetic condition consisting of extensive bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria.  As is the case with many areas of medicine transitioning from phenotypical to molecular/genetic definitions, it has been postulated what bilateral frontopari...

Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland is a rare physiologic compensatory event in many hematologic diseases. For a general discussion on this subject, please refer to the main article on extramedullary hematopoiesis. Epidemiology Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland i...

Cortical blindness is a condition resulting from lesions in the primary visual cortex (V1) characterized by visual impairment but with an intact anterior visual pathway (normal pupillary reflexes and fundal appearance). Clinical presentation The degree of visual impairment is related to the ex...

Infantile retinal hemorrhages occur when, in infants, blood leaks from retinal capillaries into the surrounding retinal tissue. Retinal hemorrhages are usually diagnosed by ophthalmologists, but they may be seen by ER, ICU, or hospitalist physicians. They are occasionally seen on MR SWI imaging...