Items tagged “re-write”
142 results found
Article
Spinocerebellar ataxia
Spinocerebellar ataxias comprise a large and expanding group of diseases characterized by degeneration of the spinal cord and cerebellum.
There are 50 individual spinocerebellar ataxias (as of December 2022) 2 referred to sequentially as SCA1, SCA2, ... in order of their discovery and genetic ...
Article
Primary pulmonary lymphoma
Primary pulmonary lymphomas refer to clonal lymphoid proliferation affecting the lungs without any detectable extrapulmonary involvement. It is much rarer than secondary pulmonary lymphoma and is most frequently represented by lymphoma of B-cell lineage - often marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of m...
Article
Bannayan-Zonana syndrome
Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, also known as Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, is a rare hamartomatous disorder.
Epidemiology
Male predominance is reported 1.
Clinical presentation
Bannayan-Zonana syndrome is characterized by:
macrocephaly
multiple lipomas
hemangiomas 1
Other findings that...
Article
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement. Although abnormalities in almost every aspect of the immune system have been found, the key defect is thought to result from a loss of self-tolerance to autoantigens.
Epidemiology
There is a strong...
Article
Diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an MRI technique that uses anisotropic diffusion to estimate the axonal (white matter) organization of the brain.
Fiber tractography (FT) is a 3D reconstruction technique to assess neural tracts using data collected by diffusion tensor imaging.
Diffusion-weigh...
Article
Graft versus host disease
Graft versus host disease (GvHD) is a frequent complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, commonly known as bone marrow transplantation. Antirejection drugs have reduced the incidence, although it does still frequently occur.
Pathology
Graft versus host disease can pr...
Article
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (also known as metaphyseal dysplasia or dysostosis) is a type of skeletal dysplasia. It can occur as part of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS).
Pathology
Classification
Schmid type - mild type, due to mutation in type X collagen (COL10A1 gene), metaphyses are cuppe...
Article
Varicose bronchiectasis
Varicose bronchiectasis refers to an uncommon morphological subtype of bronchiectasis. According to one study, this type as a pure form accounted for ~10% of all bronchiectasis 1.
For a general discussion, please refer to the article on bronchiectasis.
Radiographic features
There are intermit...
Article
Aortitis
Aortitis is a general descriptor of a broad category of infectious and non-infectious conditions with inflammation (i.e. vasculitis) of the aortic wall.
Clinical presentation
The presentation is non-specific with fever, pain, and weight loss.
Pathology
Etiology
infectious
syphilitic aorti...
Article
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a form of hospital-acquired pneumonia (considered the commonest form 3).
Terminology
Ventilator-associated pneumonia is defined as pneumonia occurring more than 48 hours after patients have been intubated and started on mechanical ventilation 5.
Epidem...
Article
Subareolar abscess
Subareolar breast abscess are relatively uncommon and tend to occur mostly in young women.
Clinical presentation
Common clinical features include mastalgia, lump formation in the subareolar region, and nipple discharge. In chronic cases, fistula formation and nipple deformity may be seen. Som...
Article
Diffuse pulmonary nodules
Diffuse pulmonary nodules are usually seen as multiple pulmonary nodular opacifications on a HRCT chest scan. They can signify disease processes affecting either the interstitium or the airspace. They can range from a few millimeters to up to 1 cm and when very small and numerous there can be so...
Article
Hemorrhagic intracranial tumors
Various types of brain tumors may cause hemorrhage. Increased tumor vascularization with dilated, thin-walled vessels and tumor necrosis are the most important mechanisms of hemorrhage. There are many potential brain tumors which can lead to hemorrhage, thus, the below lists are not exhaustive.
...
Article
Niemann-Pick disease type C
Niemann-Pick disease type c (NPD-C or just NPC) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder classed under Niemann-Pick disease on account of clinical similarities, namely hepatosplenomegaly and variable involvement of the central nervous system.
Epidemiology
NPD-C is inherited as an ...
Article
Neuroendocrine tumors
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) (historically called APUDomas) represent a wide spectrum of disease. They consist of a large heterogeneous group of malignancies that are derived from embryonic neural crest tissue found in various organ such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adren...
Article
Radiation-associated lens opacities
Radiation-associated lens opacities, also known as radiation-induced cataracts, are caused by excessive exposure of the lenses of the eyes to ionizing radiation.
Pathology
The lens of the eye is one of the most radiosensitive tissues in the body. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause catara...
Article
Pulmonary lymphangiectasia
Pulmonary lymphangiectasia (PL) refers to a rare, fatal congenital abnormality of the lungs characterized by grossly dilated lymphatic channels in the sub pleural, interlobar, perivascular and peribronchial areas 3.
It is divided into two main types 1:
cardiac-associated lymphangiectasia (seco...
Article
Iron overload cardiomyopathy
Iron overload cardiomyopathy (IOC) refers to a secondary form of cardiomyopathy resulting from the accumulation of iron in the myocardium. It occurs mainly due to genetically determined disorders of iron metabolism (e.g. cardiomyopathy in hemochromatosis, thalassemia 6,7) or multiple transfusion...
Article
Rectocele
Rectocele refers to a herniation or bulge of the rectal wall, with the most common type being an anterior rectocele where the bulge is into the posterior vaginal wall in a female patient. Rectoceles can also occur posteriorly or laterally. Rectocele is the term most commonly used by colorectal s...
Article
Rituximab-induced interstitial lung disease
Rituximab-induced interstitial lung disease (R-ILD) or rituximab pneumonitis is a rare non-infectious pulmonary side effect of the monoclonal CD20 antibody rituximab used in therapy for certain oncological/hematological and rheumatological disorders.
Epidemiology
Since solely based on casuisti...
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