Items tagged “ref link”

Mnemonics for elbow ossification include CRITOE and CRITOL. These are essentially the same, apart from the terminal letter which represents the External or Lateral epicondyle. Mnemonics CRITOE C: capitellum R: radial head I: internal epicondyle T: trochlea O: olecranon E: external epicon...

A fatty falx cerebri is a benign entity in which there is fat within the extradural neural axis compartment located between the two visceral layers of the falx.  Epidemiology According to one study, it is a common finding seen in approximately 7.3% of patients 1. This can be more common in old...

Myoepitheliomas and malignant myoepitheliomas were considered a variant of pleomorphic adenomas until 1991. However, these are also found in breast and bronchus and have gained recognition as separate entities. They account for less than 1% of salivary gland tumors, only rarely undergo malignant...

Recurrent artery of Heubner, also known as the medial striate artery or long central artery, is the largest perforating branch from the proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and is the only one routinely seen on angiography. Gross anatomy Origin and course Its origin is near the A1-ACom-A2 ...

The shiny corner sign is a spinal finding in ankylosing spondylitis, representing reactive sclerosis secondary to inflammatory erosions at the superior and inferior endplates (corners on lateral radiograph) of the vertebral bodies, which are known as Romanus lesions. Eventually, the vertebral bo...

Rathke cleft cysts, also known as pars intermedia cysts, are non-neoplastic, sellar or suprasellar epithelium-lined cysts arising from the embryologic remnants of Rathke pouch in the pituitary gland. They are common lesions and usually incidentally identified.  Epidemiology common, found in ~1...

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), recently referred also as hyperandrogenic anovulation, is a chronic anovulation syndrome associated with androgen excess.  The Rotterdam criteria is used to make the diagnosis of PCOS and require any two of the following three criteria for the diagnosis, as w...

The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) along with the middle cerebral artery (MCA) forms at the termination of the internal carotid artery (ICA). It is the smaller of the two, and arches anteromedially to pass anterior to the genu of the corpus callosum, dividing as it does so into its two major bra...

The pericallosal artery is the distal portion of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) that courses over the superior surface of the body of the corpus callosum in the pericallosal cistern. It gives off many small branches to the corpus callosum, forming the pericallosal moustache. Some authors de...

Equivalent dose (symbol HT) is a measure of the radiation dose to tissue where an attempt has been made to allow for the different relative biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation. In quantitative terms, equivalent dose is less fundamental than absorbed dose, but it is more b...

Coffin-Siris syndrome, first described in 1970, is a rare genetic abnormality. Coffin-Siris syndrome should not be confused with Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Epidemiology It occurs more frequently in females (with a M:F of ~4:1). Clinical presentation One of the most typical features is absence o...

The thalamus (plural: thalami) is the largest of the structures comprising the diencephalon. Function The thalamus acts as a relay center, receiving and distributing information between the peripheries and higher centers such as the cerebral cortices. It contributes to functions such as: cons...

The anterior spinal artery supplies the anterior portion of the spinal cord and arises from the vertebral artery (V4, intradural segment) in the region of the medulla oblongata. The two vertebral arteries (one of which is usually bigger than the other) anastamose in the midline to form a single ...

Quadrangular space syndrome, also known as quadrilateral space syndrome, is an uncommon diagnosis mainly because of lack of literature on the subject and possible misdiagnosis. Epidemiology Quadrangular space syndrome is present on ~1% of shoulder MRIs 6.  Clinical presentation Patients pres...

An x-ray tube functions as a specific energy converter, receiving electrical energy and converting it into two other forms of energy: x-radiation (1%) and heat (99%). Heat is considered the undesirable product of this conversion process; therefore x-radiation is created by taking the energy from...

The anode (or anticathode) is the component of the x-ray tube where x-rays are produced. It is a piece of metal, shaped in the form of a bevelled disk with a diameter between 55 and 100 mm, and thickness of 7 mm, connected to the positive side of the electrical circuit. The anode converts the en...

Toxoplasmosis and lymphoma are frequently differential diagnoses in patients with HIV/AIDS, as these represent the most common brain lesions with mass effect in this population. As treatment is substantially different, distinguishing the two on imaging is important, particularly when the lesion ...

Computed tomography (CT), also known as, especially in the older literature and textbooks, computerized axial tomography (CAT), is an imaging modality that uses x-rays to build cross-sectional images ("slices") of the body. Cross-sections are reconstructed from measurements of attenuation coeffi...

Premature closure of a growth plate subsequently results in a shortened bone, which can occur in a number of situations.  Pathology Etiology Common local hyperemia infection: osteomyelitis juvenile chronic arthritis juvenile rheumatoid arthritis hemophilia arteriovenous malformation tr...

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is an interventional radiological technique to occlude the arterial supply to the uterus and is performed for various reasons. History Uterine artery embolization has been practised for more than 20 years for controlling hemorrhage following delivery/abortion,...