Items tagged “reference needed”

The cystic artery is the main artery supplying the gallbladder. It most commonly arises from the right hepatic artery within Calot triangle 1. Gross anatomy The cystic artery typically passes posterior to the cystic duct to reach the neck of the gallbladder. At this point, it gives off two to ...

Pericardial lipomas are slowly growing benign tumors of the pericardium that are asymptomatic unless large in size, where they can cause pressure symptoms. Clinical presentation Pericardial lipomas are usually asymptomatic. Occasionally non-specific symptoms are present including: chest pain...

The history of imaging of the pituitary region encompasses many different modalities and has greatly evolved over the years, including plain radiographs, pneumoencephalography, angiography, CT and MRI. The pituitary gland is situated in the central skull base, closely related to the sphenoid sin...

A tracheobronchial stent is a device used to treat symptomatic airway compression. This device is inserted under bronchoscopic guidance in patients with external compression from mediastinal-based malignancy, for example, lung or esophageal cancers.  It may also be used in the treatment of trac...

An epoch is a term used in machine learning and indicates the number of passes of the entire training dataset the machine learning algorithm has completed. Datasets are usually grouped into batches (especially when the amount of data is very large). Some people use the term iteration loosely and...

The Ionizing Radiation (Protection of Persons Undergoing Medical Examination or Treatment) Regulations 1988 were popularly known as the POPUMET regulations. They were the former legal regulations in the UK covering the protection of patients undergoing the use of ionizing radiation for diagnosti...

The fornix conjunctiva is loose soft tissue lying at the junction between the palpebral conjunctiva (covering the inner surface of the eyelid) and the bulbar conjunctiva (covering the globe). Each eye has two fornices, the superior and inferior fornices. The fornix permits freedom of movement of...

An anlage in biology refers to the primordial precursor of a tissue or organ, which is still recognisable as a collection of cells that will form that specific tissue. The term is commonly used in medicine to refer to organs, such as the pancreas, when one is describing anatomical variants and ...

Babcock triangle is a relatively radiolucent triangular area seen in the subcapital region of the femoral neck on an anteroposterior radiograph of the hip. In this region, the trabeculae are loosely arranged and surrounded by more radiodense normal bony trabeculae groups. It may be the initial s...

The maxwell (symbol: Mx) is the CGS unit of magnetic flux and was superseded by the weber, the unit in the SI system.  Terminology As per all other eponymous measurement units when the unit is written out in full it is not capitalized, but when shortened to its symbol it is capitalized. Histo...

The basal lamella, also known as basal lamella of the middle turbinate, is an osseous lamella that separates the anterior from the posterior ethmoid sinuses 1. Terminology Internal anterior to posterior partitions of the ethmoid sinuses are called basal lamellae. According to a concept propose...

The spinal pia mater (or pia mater spinalis) is the innermost layer of the spinal meninges. In congruence to the cranial pia being closely related to the surface of the brain, the spinal pia is closely related to the surface of the spinal cord.  Gross anatomy The spinal pia mater is continuou...

Ureteric jets, also known as ureteral jets, are the visualization of the normal physiological periodic efflux of urine from the distal end of each ureter into the bladder.  Pathology When the urine passing down the ureter reaches the vesicoureteric junction (VUJ), it is forced out into the bla...

Radiation-induced neuritis is a complication of radiotherapy that may present with visible changes on MRI. It is likely to be most relevant in the head and neck region. There is only scarce radiology literature on the subject and radiation-induced optic neuritis is best documented.  Epidemiolog...

Geographic appearance is a term used in imaging, and other clinical fields (e.g. histopathology) to describe lesions with a well-circumscribed margins with adjacent tissues.  The term derives from the somewhat similar appearance of the outline of countries on a map or the clear demarcation forme...

Aphakia (less commonly aphacia) is the absence of the lens from the ocular globe.  Pathology Etiology surgical removal of a cataract (commonest cause) trauma congenital Treatment and prognosis Surgical insertion of an intraocular lens implant, in which case the aphakic appearance is calle...

Autophony, also known as tympanophony, is the experience of finding that one's own voice sounds much louder than normal or is unpleasantly garbled.  Autophony has been described in several clinical entities including superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome and patulous Eustachian tube d...

Septa (singular: septum) are anatomical or pathological sheet-like structures that subdivide a component of normal anatomy or a lesion. Terminology Septa is the plural of the Latin word septum. Septae and septi are erroneous forms and are not words in English, nor correct plurals in Latin 2. S...