Items tagged “refs”
2,968 results found
Article
Lateral posterior choroidal artery
The lateral posterior choroidal artery may be a singular vessel or exist as multiple lateral posterior choroidal arteries. In either case, they usually arise from the P2 segment of the PCA, just distal (and lateral) to the medial posterior choroidal arteries. In some cases, they may arise from o...
Article
Pediatric cystic renal diseases
The pediatric cystic renal diseases are a heterogeneous group of conditions defined by the presence of kidney cysts due to hereditary or non-hereditary causes:
isolated simple cyst
cystic renal dysplasia
multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)
obstructive cystic renal dysplasia
genetic disorde...
Article
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics for neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) are:
MISME
rule of 2s
Mnemonics
MISME
M: multiple
I: inherited
S: schwannomas
M: meningiomas and
E: ependymomas
In fact, labeling this disorder neurofibromatosis type 2 is a misnomer, because neurofibromas are not a part of its cons...
Article
Persistent hypoglossal artery
A persistent hypoglossal artery is one of the persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. It is second in frequency to the trigeminal artery which is present approximately six times as often.
It arises from the distal cervical ICA segment, usually between the C1 and C3 vertebral level. Aft...
Article
Persistent proatlantal intersegmental artery
The proatlantal intersegmental artery is also known as the type I proatlantal artery, and is one of the persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. It arises from the internal carotid artery (similar to the persistent hypoglossal artery) but instead of heading for the hypoglossal canal, it j...
Article
Adult cystic renal disease
Adult cystic renal disease comprises multiple distinct hereditary and non-hereditary disease processes.
Pathology
Etiology
Hereditary
adult polycystic kidney disease (APCKD), a.k.a. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPCKD)
medullary cystic kidney disease
von Hippel-Lindau dis...
Article
Subclavian steal syndrome
Subclavian steal syndrome and subclavian steal phenomenon both result from severe proximal subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion resulting in retrograde flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery.
Terminology
Subclavian steal phenomenon refers to steno-occlusive disease of the proximal subclav...
Article
Superior cerebellar artery
The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) arises from the distal basilar artery, just below the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and typically supplies:
whole superior surface of the cerebellar hemispheres down to the great horizontal fissure
superior vermis
dentate nucleus
most of the ...
Article
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is one of three vessels that provides arterial blood supply to the cerebellum. It has a variable origin, course and supply, with up to 40% of specimens not having an identifiable standard AICA. The amount of tissue supplied by the AICA is variable (...
Article
Dural venous sinuses
Dural venous sinuses are venous channels located intracranially between the two layers of the dura mater (endosteal layer and meningeal layer) and can be conceptualised as trapped epidural veins. Unlike other veins in the body, they run alone and not parallel to arteries. Furthermore, they are v...
Article
Equivalent dose
Equivalent dose (symbol HT) is a measure of the radiation dose to tissue where an attempt has been made to allow for the different relative biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation. In quantitative terms, equivalent dose is less fundamental than absorbed dose, but it is more b...
Article
Deterministic effects
Deterministic effects describe a cause and effect relationship between ionizing radiation and certain side-effects. They are also known as non-stochastic effects to contrast them with chance-like stochastic effects (e.g. cancer induction).
These effects depend on dose, dose rate, dose fractiona...
Article
Effective dose
The effective dose is used to compare the stochastic risk of non-uniform exposure to radiation. Body tissues react differently to radiation and cancer induction occurs at a different rate of dose in different tissues. Hence, the effective dose is the risk of developing fatal cancer in the tissue...
Article
Falcine sinus
The falcine sinus is a normal fetal structure located within the falx cerebri that drains the deep cerebral venous system to the superior sagittal sinus. Normally, it involutes after birth.
Gross anatomy
The falcine sinus drains into the superior sagittal sinus and usually arises from the vein...
Article
Yasargil classification of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations
The Yasargil classification is one of the two common systems for classifying vein of Galen malformations that is currently in use at the time of writing (mid 2016).
Classification
type I: small pure cisternal fistula between the vein of Galen (voG) and either the pericallosal arteries (anteri...
Article
Basal vein of Rosenthal
The basal veins, also known as the paramedian basal veins or veins of Rosenthal, are paired, paramedian veins which originate on the medial surface of the temporal lobe and run posteriorly and medially. Each vein passes lateral to the midbrain through the ambient cistern to drain into the vein o...
Article
Internal cerebral vein
The internal cerebral veins are paired, paramedian veins which course posteriorly along the roof of the third ventricle, between the two leaves of the velum interpositum.
Gross anatomy
Each is formed at the foramen of Monro by the confluence of the choroidal vein (draining the choroid plexus o...
Article
Abdominal aorta
The abdominal aorta (plural: aortas or aortae 4) is the main blood vessel in the abdominal cavity that transmits oxygenated blood from the thoracic cavity to the organs within the abdomen and to the lower limbs.
Summary
origin: continuation of descending thoracic aorta at T12
course: descend...
Article
Superficial veins of the brain
Superficial veins of the brain predominantly drain the cerebral cortex, and include:
superior cerebral veins (or superficial cerebral veins)
inferior cerebral veins
superficial middle cerebral vein (Sylvian vein)
superior anastomotic vein (of Trolard)
inferior anastomotic vein (of Labbé)
S...
Article
Cerebral venous system
The cerebral venous system, somewhat unlike the majority of the rest of the body, does not even remotely follow the cerebral arterial system.
The cortical veins lie superficially, unlike cortical arteries, and are adherent to the deep surface of the arachnoid mater so that they keep the sulci o...