Items tagged “refs”

Pembrolizumab-induced sarcoid-like reaction is a recently (c.2019) reported phenomenon which has been associated with the use of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) inhibitor pembrolizumab. It could be mistaken for metastatic disease in some situations. See also  drug induced lung diseas...

Acetabular retroversion denotes an abnormal posterior angulation of the superolateral acetabular rim, resulting in excessive coverage of the femoral head and metaphysis along the anterior border 1,2. Epidemiology  Acetabular retroversion is a common abnormality affecting 5 to 20% of the genera...

Rhabdomyomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumors that can be classified as: cardiac rhabdomyoma extracardiac (non-cardiac) rhabdomyoma adult rhabdomyoma fetal rhabdomyoma genital rhabdomyoma

Splenic histoplasmosis can manifest with splenomegaly and splenic hypoattenuation. It is more common in immunosuppressed patients (e.g. HIV/AIDS), particularly in endemic areas (e.g. central USA) 1,2. Healed splenic histoplasmosis is one of the causes of diffuse splenic calcifications 2.  See a...

Strain imaging is a cardiac imaging technique that detects ventricular deformation patterns and functional abnormalities before they become obvious as regional wall motion abnormalities on conventional cine imaging or echo. It has become more popular lately due to several technological improveme...

Groin pain is a symptom manifesting in a wide spectrum of clinical disorders and diseases in athletes and non-athletes. The Doha agreement in 2014 identified and classified groin pain in athletes and defined the following clinical entities 1,2: adductor-related, pubic-related, inguinal-related...

The skinfold artifact can mimic a pneumothorax on chest radiography and is caused by the added density of a skin fold against the image. It appears as a broad opacity laterally, outlined by a lucent line (Mach band effect) 2. Radiographic features Plain radiograph The following features may h...

Edge of film errors, also known as corner of film errors, are a classical perceptual error in radiology where a pertinent finding, whether incidental or not, is at the margin or edge of the image. It is now used for all modalities, in both a literal sense, i.e. actually at the edge of the image...

Coal mine dust lung disease encompasses a number of occupational lung diseases 1,2: coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) mixed dust pneumoconiosis silicosis dust-related diffuse fibrosis chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

The ARCO classification (Association Research Circulation Osseous classification) is one of the staging systems used to assess femoral head osteonecrosis. It was created in 1994 and periodically revised. The most recent revision from 2019 2 includes using radiographs and MRIs. Classification s...

There are several different impingement syndromes of and around the hip, which are all characterized by a painful reduction of motion in the hip joint 1: femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) ischiofemoral impingement subspine (anterior inferior iliac spine) impingement greater trochanteric-pel...

The staghorn pattern of vascularity is a pathological term describing a pattern of vascularity seen on low-power light microscopy. It is defined by multiple thin-walled, sharply-branched and jagged vessels having an "antler-like" or "staghorn-like" appearance 1. It is classically described with...

Intramuscular lipomas are deep-seated lipomas located within a muscle. Terminology Intramuscular lipomas share the term ‘infiltrating lipoma’ with intermuscular lipomas. Epidemiology Intramuscular lipomas account for about 1% of all lipomas and occur in all age groups with the most occurring...

Billowing phenomenon refers to the presence of contrast medium on contrast-enhanced CT outside of graft metal struts, due to the specific construction characteristic typical of the AFX® stent-graft (Endologix, Inc., USA), designed to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms. It has a unique internal sca...

The findings of tuberous sclerosis can be remembered with the help of the following mnemonic: HAMARTOMAS Mnemonic H: hamartomas (CNS, retinal and skin) A: angiofibroma (facial) or adenoma sebaceum M: mitral regurgitation A: ash-leaf spots R: rhabdomyoma (cardiac) T: tubers (cortical, sub...

Some key findings pertaining to Sturge-Weber syndrome may be recalled using the following mnemonics: STURGE CAPS 8 Cs Mnemonics STURGE CAPS S: seizures, sporadic T: tram-track gyriform calcification; trigeminal territory port-wine stain U: unilateral weakness (hemiparesis contralateral to...

Cannonball metastases refer to multiple large, well-circumscribed, round pulmonary metastases. Numerous primary tumors have been described presenting with cannonball metastases, however, some primary tumors have a predilection for this presentation. It should be noted that it is difficult to f...

An intermediate weighted image is acquired by a sequence with a proton-density like long repetition time and a prolonged echo time usually 35-60 ms 1,2. It combines the ability to depict the detailed anatomy of a proton density-weighted image with the fluid sensitivity of a T2-weighted sequence,...

Fat metaplasia refers to the replacement or infiltration of subchondral bone and bone marrow with tissue exhibiting fat signal on MRI. Pathology The nature of this tissue histologically is not well-known and does not necessarily correspond to the simple replacement of red marrow by yellow. Ra...

The embedded organ sign is used to help localize a mass and define the organ from which it originates. When a mass extrinsically compresses an adjacent organ (such as inferior cava vein and gastrointestinal tract)  it gives the organ a crescent shape, which is called a negative embedded organ si...