Items tagged “refs”

2,959 results found
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Cerebral cortical calcification

Cerebral cortical calcification or gyral calcification refers to curvilinear calcifications involving the cerebral cortex. Differential diagnosis vascular ischemic stroke sequelae arteriovenous malformation TORCH infection congenital cerebral toxoplasmosis congenital cytomegalovirus infec...
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Diffuse bone marrow infiltration on MRI (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember differentials causing diffuse bone marrow infiltration on MRI. Bone marrow infiltration is best evaluated on T1 sequences and may be focal or diffuse. Focal infiltration is seen in metastases and lymphoma. The diffuse pattern is seen more commonly in multiple myeloma, mast...
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Elbow fracture-dislocation

Complex elbow fracture-dislocations have the potential to be associated with significant long-term morbidity 1.  Pathology Types terrible triad trans-olecranon fracture-dislocation anteromedial coronoid fractures with associated varus posteromedial instability Mechanism The mechanism is d...
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Petrous apex mucocele

Petrous apex mucoceles are a rare complication that can occur in patients who have a pneumatized petrous apex. The pathology is similar to mucocele formation elsewhere in other sinuses in that these air cells become obstructed causing mucous secretions to accumulate. The trapped secretions cause...
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Couvelaire uterus

Couvelaire uterus is a rare, non-fatal but severe complication of placental abruption.  Epidemiology Its incidence is ~5% in all cases of placental abruption 1.  Pathology It is caused by the seeping of blood/hematic infiltrate into the decidua basalis emerging as massive hematoma retroplace...
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Accessory and cavitated uterine mass

Accessory and cavitated uterine mass (ACUM), also known as non-communicating accessory uterine cavity or cystic adenomyoma, is a rare uterine anomaly comprised of an accessory uterus-like mass in the uterus along the wall but with no communication to the main uterus. Clinical presentation This...
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Plate and screw fixation

Plate and screw fixation is a method of internal fixation used in orthopedic surgery. It is most commonly used in open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) surgeries as well as fixation of bone post osteotomy (e.g. high tibial osteotomy or rotational osteotomy).  When applied to the convex side o...
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Snapping scapula syndrome

Snapping scapula syndrome is an uncommon condition where on scapular movement there is pain associated with an audible or palpable grinding, clicking or snapping.  Pathology Causes include 1,2: scapulothoracic bursitis scapular stabilizer muscular atrophy/fibrosis, e.g. long thoracic nerve i...
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Laser interstitial thermal therapy

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) or focal laser ablation is a surgical technique for selective ablation of a lesion or tissue using laser-generated heat. Compared to other minimally invasive techniques such as radiofrequency, microwave, or cryoablation, lasers are able to create a more ...
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Braid-like sign (spinal sarcoidosis)

The braid-like sign is an imaging pattern of sarcoidosis spinal cord involvement. It is characterized by a ventral subpial enhancement in the spinal cord.
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Macrodontia

Macrodontia, also known as megadontia or megalodontia, is a rare congenital abnormal enlargement of the teeth that may affect all the dentition or more rarely, only a single tooth.  Epidemiology Macrodontia is very rare. In a review of the panoramic dental radiographs of 1200 patients in Turke...
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McCleery syndrome

McCleery syndrome is a subtype of venous thoracic outlet syndrome with symptoms resulting from compression of the subclavian vein without thrombosis (in contrast to Paget-Schroetter syndrome).  Clinical presentation Patients with McCleery syndrome present with intermittent obstruction of the s...
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Tourette syndrome

Tourette syndrome, also (and perhaps more properly) known as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by tics. Epidemiology Tourette syndrome, by definition, commences in childhood, with a mean onset of approximately 6 years 1. It is more common in ...
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Urogenital diaphragm

The urogenital diaphragm is a historical term describing a structure or structures in the perineum. The term is still in frequent use despite not appearing in Terminologia Anatomica. Most descriptions of the diaphragm relate to a discoid space between the superficial and deep fasciae of the per...
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Gallbladder cancer (staging - AJCC 8th edition)

The AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) 8th edition gallbladder cancer staging system was introduced in 2018. TNM system T: primary tumor Tis: carcinoma in situ - tumor only within the epithelium (the inner layer of the gallbladder) T1: tumor invades the lamina propria or muscularis T...
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Tularemia

Tularemia is a rare and highly virulent febrile zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis, which has been developed as a bioweapon by several countries. It can infect the skin and mucous membranes, lungs and intestine and cause systemic disease and death. Tularemia is a notif...
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Coiled catheter sign (ureter)

The coiled catheter sign is sometimes seen in transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter. When a retrograde ureteropyelogram is attempted in the afflicted ureter, the catheter tip is seen to coil in the dilated portion of the ureter distal to the obstruction 1. 
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Osteoporotic vs pathological vertebral fractures

Discriminating between acute osteoporotic and pathological vertebral fractures is sometimes challenging. This may be especially true in the elderly population, in which both osteoporosis and malignant disease often co-occur, and vertebral fractures of both kinds are common and indeed may coexist...
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Intercritical gout

Intercritical gout is the asymptomatic stage between attacks of acute gouty arthritis. Clinical presentation During the asymptomatic phase, the joints may be non-tender and without erythema or swelling. Patients can experience multiple gout attacks with asymptomatic periods of several months i...
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In situ spinal fusion

In situ spinal fusion is, as the name suggests, where fusion is performed without a change in alignment. It is a technique used to treat: isthmic spondylolisthesis 1 osteogenesis imperfecta 2