Items tagged “refs”

The pancreaticoduodenal space (PDS) or groove (PDG) is a small anatomical potential space between the pancreatic head and duodenum 1. Gross anatomy Boundaries medial: pancreatic head lateral: 2nd portion of duodenum superior: duodenal bulb inferior 3rd portion of duodenum posterior: infer...

Evans syndrome is an autoimmune condition with two or more cytopenias, usually caused by autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), with or without immune neutropenia. Epidemiology Evans syndrome is considered rare, with defining bicytopenias present in less than 5% ...

The Akeret or anatomical staging of neuroepithelial tumors adheres loosely to the general scheme underlying AJCC TNM staging. Like other cancer staging systems, it assists in estimating the individual prognosis, in tailoring patient-specific therapy and surveillance, and in improving the compara...

The spoke wheel sign is described in focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and describes the pattern of internal vasculature of FNHs seen on color Doppler ultrasound when multiple arteries radiate peripherally from the center of the lesion. This sign was classically applied to the color/power Doppler...

The thymic tumor staging using the TNM staging system only applies to the epithelial types including thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus. It does not apply to thymic sarcoma, primary thymic lymphoma or other rare tumors. This staging system is based upon recommend...

Myocardial performance index, also known as Tei index was introduced in 1995 by Tei et al 1. It gives information about global ventricular function 2. It is calculated by dividing sum of isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) with ejection time (ET), i.e....

Sydenham chorea, also referred to as chorea minor or historically as St. Vitus dance is a manifestation of rheumatic fever. Clinical presentation hyperkinetic movement disorder neuropsychiatric manifestations with or without the presence of carditis or arthritis cognitive and behavioral symp...

Lederer-Brill disease is a transient autoimmune hemolytic anemia with very variable clinical features 1. Epidemiology Lederer-Brill disease is slightly more prevalent in females 1. Clinical presentation It usually occurs in children with a recent history of infection. Symptoms and signs incl...

Acrodysotosis, also known as Arkless-Graham syndrome, Maroteaux-Malamut syndrome or acrodysplasia, is a rare genetic disorder affecting bone growth. Epidemiology The true incidence is not known. There is no known gender predilection. The condition is often detected in early childhood. Clinica...

Dyspepsia is a group of upper abdominal gastrointestinal symptoms often described as a burning sensation, discomfort, nausea and bloating, especially after meals. Epidemiology Dyspepsia is a common condition affecting up to 25% of the population in the United States. Clinical presentation bl...

Lidocaine, also known as lignocaine or its tradename Xylocaine, is a very commonly used amino amide local anesthetic in interventional radiology. It also has a wide range of medical applications. In practice, it is found in concentrations of 1%, 2% or as a combination with epinephrine. Medical ...

12q14 microdeletion syndrome or osteopoikilosis-short stature-intellectual disability syndrome is caused by heterozygous deletion at the region of 12q14. The microdeletion affects the LEMD3 gene which has already been implicated in osteopoikilosis. Epidemiology Prevalence is <1 in 1 million li...

Hypermetropia, also known as long-sightedness or hyperopia, is a refractive disorder. Though it can happen in any age group, it usually starts from mid-late adulthood. Clinical presentation In this condition, distant objects are seen better than close objects. Pathology The blurriness of nea...

Corticosteroids are drugs/medications widely used in several areas of medicine. They are also known as glucocorticoids, cortisone and colloquially steroids (note: do not mix up with anabolic steroids). They are synthetic analogs of naturally occurring endogenous steroids produced by the adrenal...

Botulism is a neuroparalytic syndrome manifesting as diffuse generalized flaccid paralysis caused by exposure to botulinum neurotoxin. It can be potentially fatal. Botulinum toxin is the deadliest toxin due to high lethality and potency. The lethal dose (LD 50) is 1-3 ng of toxin per 1 kg of bo...

Film processing is a procedure whereby a latent image on a film is processed to become a visible radiograph. It consists of four major steps namely: development, fixing, washing, and drying. Process Development Developer solution (e.g. hydroquinone or phenidone) is used to reduce more silver ...

The rim sign of choledocholithiasis is a finding seen on contrast-enhanced CT and comprises a faint rim of increased density along the margin of a low-density area of calculus 1.

Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation is a scoliosis restorative method employed since 1983. Principally this procedure is used in any situation requiring posterior spinal instrumentation with rigid fixation like fractures and retrolisthesis. Contrary to Harrington rods, this procedure is much better...