Items tagged “refs”
2,969 results found
Article
Congenital cholesteatoma
Congenital cholesteatomas are identical to epidermoid cysts, differing only in name and location.
Pathology
They are intraosseous inclusions of the ectoderm and are therefore comprised of keratin debris and cholesterol. Characteristically, they are located at the petrous apex. In contrast, mi...
Article
Congenital facial palsy
A congenital facial palsy is an uncommon cause of neonatal asymmetric crying facies, which are more frequently due to absence or hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle, often associated with other congenital anomalies.
Epidemiology
Congenital facial palsy is reported with an incidence...
Article
Conoid tubercle
The conoid tubercle also known as the coracoid tuberosity (not to be confused with the coracoid process of the scapula) is a bony prominence on the inferior surface of the lateral third of the clavicle.
It marks the insertion of the conoid ligament (which along with the trapezoid ligament) for...
Article
Corkscrew sign (midgut volvulus)
The corkscrew sign describes the spiral appearance of the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum seen in midgut volvulus 1.
In patients with malrotation and volvulus, the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum do not cross the midline and instead pass in an inferior direction. These loops twist on ...
Article
Cotton wool appearance (bone)
The cotton wool appearance is a plain film sign of Paget disease and results from thickened, disorganized trabeculae which lead to areas of sclerosis in a previously lucent area of bone, typically the skull. These sclerotic patches are poorly defined and fluffy.
See also
Other Paget disease re...
Article
Cowdry bodies
Cowdry bodies are eosinophilic or basophilic neuronal intranuclear inclusions composed of nucleic acid and protein, this cytopathic changes are considered a hallmark of viral infection.1.
Pathology
Cowdry bodies are in fact fixation artifacts and not directly the result of the intracellular vi...
Article
Cranial nerves
The cranial nerves (TA: nervi craniales) are the twelve paired sets of nerves that arise from the cerebrum or brainstem and leave the central nervous system through cranial foramina rather than through the spine. The cranial nerves are numbered one to twelve, always using Roman numerals, i.e. I ...
Article
Craniopharyngioma (historical)
Craniopharyngioma is a term used to denote two separate entities (adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas and papillary craniopharyngiomas), both relatively benign (WHO grade 1) neoplasms that typically arise in the sellar/suprasellar region.
Terminology
Until the 5th edition (2021) of the WHO cla...
Article
Multiple cystic neck lesions (differential)
The differential diagnosis for multiple cystic neck lesions is different to that for a solitary cystic neck mass.
Differential diagnosis
Cystic neck lesions are seen in:
metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: older patient, M>F
metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma: usually a younger patient, ...
Article
Cystic parotid lesions
The differential for cystic parotid lesions includes:
bilateral cystic parotid lesions
Warthin tumor
benign lymphoepithelial lesions of HIV
Sjögren syndrome
sialoceles
dysgenetic polycystic disease of salivary glands
unilateral cystic parotid lesion(s)
Warthin tumor
sialocele
first bra...
Article
Cystic renal diseases
Cystic renal disease can be confusing. There are many conditions, many of which have similar names or are eponymous, and with a few exceptions, are relatively rare. It is easiest to think of them into two separate demographic:
pediatric cystic renal diseases
adult cystic renal disease
Article
Denervation changes in muscles
Denervation changes in muscles or denervation myopathy can be observed in a number of settings and results from partial or complete loss of innervation.
There is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations:
temporary or permanent
symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Pathology
Causes include 2:
neur...
Article
Azygo-esophageal recess deviation
Deviation of the azygo-esophageal recess can be normal or pathological.
The azygo-esophageal recess is formed by the interface between the right lung and the mediastinal reflection of the azygos vein and esophagus. The line has a variable appearance 1:
in its upper third, it deviates to the ri...
Article
Disorganized periosteal reaction
Disorganized or complex periosteal reaction has spicules with random orientation and appearance. It is often seen in highly aggressive processes.
Pathology
It has been associated with:
osteosarcoma
metastasis
osteomyelitis
chondrosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
stress fracture
malignant fibrous h...
Article
Arterial dissection
Arterial dissection occurs when blood enters the media through a tear or ulcer in the intima and tracks along the media, forming a second blood-filled channel within the wall. The normal lumen lined by intima is called the true lumen and the blood-filled channel in the media is called the false ...
Article
Dorello canal
Dorello canal channels the abducens nerve (CN VI) from the pontine cistern to the cavernous sinus.
Gross anatomy
Dorello canal is an interdural space (between the two layers of dura) found at the medial most end of the petrous ridge at the confluence of the inferior petrosal, basal, and caver...
Article
Dural sinus occlusive disease
Dural sinus occlusive disease (DSOD) is an infective form of dural sinus thrombosis (thrombophlebitis) commonly seen in the setting of acute otomastoiditis. It typically presents with:
severe headaches
high fevers
sixth nerve palsy - due to involvement of Dorello's canal
altered conscious st...
Article
Elbow ossification
Elbow ossification occurs at the six elbow ossification centers in a reproducible order. Being familiar with the order of ossification of the elbow is important in not mistaking an epicondylar fracture for a normal ossification center.
Appearance
Order
The order of appearances of the elbow o...
Article
Elevated hemidiaphragm
An elevated hemidiaphragm may result from direct and indirect causes which include:
above the diaphragm 1
decreased lung volume
atelectasis/collapse
prior lobectomy or pneumonectomy
pulmonary hypoplasia
pulmonary fibrosis
diaphragm 3-7
phrenic nerve palsy
cervical myelopathy
neuromuscu...
Article
Endolymphatic sac tumor
Endolymphatic sac tumors are very rare, locally invasive tumors of endolymphatic sac. Early detection of these tumors is critical, because early surgical intervention may prevent further hearing loss. Endolymphatic sac tumors do not metastasize but are highly locally aggressive.
Epidemiology
...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.