Items tagged “refs”
2,967 results found
Article
Meniscal contusion
Meniscal contusion refers to a form of meniscal injury where there is no overt tear or gross disruption. They usually occur from flexion injuries with compression of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus between the femoral condyle and the tibia.
Radiographic features
MRI
In the setting o...
Article
Corticobulbar tract
The corticobulbar (or corticonuclear) tract originates primarily in Brodmann area 4 and exits at the brainstem to synapse on the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves bilaterally. The exception to this bilateral connection is the facial nerve and hypoglossal nerve. Innervation to the lower h...
Article
Truncation artifact (CT)
Truncation artifact in CT is an apparently increased curvilinear band of attenuation along the edge of the image.
This artifact is encountered when parts of the imaged body part remain outside the field of view (e.g. due to patient body habitus), which results in inaccurate measurement of atten...
Article
Hip muscles
Hip muscles act on the hip joint to effect flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation. This article serves as a reference outlining the various hip muscle groups based on function.
Hip flexion
psoas major
iliacus
rectus femoris
sartorius
tensor fascia lata
pe...
Article
Internal thoracic vein
The internal thoracic vein (previously known as the internal mammary vein) arises from the superior epigastric vein. It drains the chest wall and breasts.
Gross anatomy
The internal thoracic vein arises from the union of the musculophrenic and superior epigastric vein. It forms venae comitant...
Article
Delbet classification
The Delbet classification helps predict the risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in neck of femur fractures, as well as determine operative vs non-operative management 1.
Classification
type I: trans-epiphyseal separation
fracture through proximal femoral physis, representing Salte...
Article
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Epidemiology
Associations
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is sometimes associated with immunodeficiency, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Pathology
Classification
In the 2016 WHO classifica...
Article
Janus kinase
The Janus kinases or JAKs are proteins which act as cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases and link cytokine signaling from membrane receptors to signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) transcription factors.
Terminology
As these molecules are eponyms, the Janus component of the name ...
Article
Typical clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma (mnemonic)
The typical clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma can be recalled using the mnemonic:
CRAB
Mnemonic
C: hypercalcemia
R: renal failure
A: anemia
B: bone disease
The CRAB mnemonic can help differentiate multiple myeloma from its precursor diseases - monoclonal gammopathy of undetermin...
Article
Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System
Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System (CAC-DRS) is a structured reporting scheme for all non-contrast CT scans in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, which can help in communication between clinicians and radiologists. These guidelines have been recommended by the Society of C...
Article
Divry van Bogaert syndrome
Divry van Bogaert syndrome is a familial juvenile-onset syndrome characterized by livedo racemosa, juvenile ischemic stroke, juvenile cerebral white matter disease leading to premature dementia, and epilepsy.
Clinical presentation
juvenile ischemic stroke
epilepsy
early-onset cognitive impai...
Article
IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis
IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, also known as autoimmune cholangiopathy, is part of the spectrum of IgG4-related disease but can also occur in isolation. It is a separate entity to primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Pathology
The pathogenesis is poorly understood. The disease is characteriz...
Article
Nasolacrimal injury
Nasolacrimal injuries are reported to be common and may result in temporary or permanent dysfunction.
Epidemiology
Fracture of the nasolacrimal apparatus has been reported in ~10% of patients with craniofacial fracture, with ~10% of these reporting symptoms of epiphora or dacryocystitis 1.
...
Article
Lacrimal sac mass
Lacrimal sac masses are very uncommon and more commonly have a malignant (~80%) rather than benign (~20%) etiology.
Pathology
Etiology
inflammatory
granulomatosis with polyangiitis
sarcoidosis
orbital pseudotumor
IgG4-related disease
Sjogren syndrome
neoplastic
epithelial tumors
beni...
Article
Autoinflammatory diseases with periodic fevers
There are several autoinflammatory diseases with periodic fevers. These include
familial mediterranean fever (FMF)
cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS)
tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS)
hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome / m...
Article
Tensor fasciae lata tendinopathy
Tensor fasciae lata tendinopathy is one of the pathologies that can occur with the tensor fasciae lata tendon.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with anterior groin pain.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
May show loss of normal thin ribbon-like appearance with a clearly defined fib...
Article
Sclerosing cholangitis
There are three forms of sclerosing cholangitis:
primary sclerosing cholangitis
IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis
secondary sclerosing cholangitis
Article
Film dosimeter
Film dosimeters are used to measure radiation exposure to workers to monitor radiation safety and ensuring that they receive doses below the appropriate limit.
Film badges are the cheapest and most common monitoring device. They consist of a small case with a piece of film situated between fil...
Article
mTOR protein
The mTOR proteins, an abbreviation for mammalian target of rapamycin, also known as mechanistic target of rapamycin, are two proteins that are involved in cell signaling pathways implicated in tumorigenesis.
The mTOR proteins are serine/threonine protein kinases that combine with several other ...
Article
Incudomalleolar joint
The incudomalleolar joint, also known as the incudomallear joint, is the joint between the incus and the malleus. The joint is part of the chain of ossicles sending vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Related pathology
dislocations of the joint result in conductive hearin...
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