Items tagged “renal”
18 results found
Article
Renal transplant related complications
The recipients of renal transplants are susceptible to a number of complications. The incidence of each is variable and partially subject to specific surgical transplantation techniques and management patterns.
Pathology
Renal transplant complications
These can be broadly categorized as peri...
Article
Renal osteodystrophy
Renal osteodystrophy, also known as uremic osteopathy, is a constellation of musculoskeletal abnormalities that occur in patients with chronic renal failure, due to concurrent and superimposed:
osteomalacia (adults) or rickets (children)
secondary hyperparathyroidism: abnormal calcium and phos...
Article
Wunderlich syndrome
Wunderlich syndrome is a rare condition in which spontaneous non-traumatic renal hemorrhage occurs into the subcapsular and perirenal spaces.
Clinical presentation
Wunderlich syndrome is clinically characterized by Lenk's triad:
acute flank pain
flank mass
hypovolemic shock
Mnemonic
F: f...
Article
Junctional parenchymal defect of kidney
Junctional parenchymal defects in renal imaging are a normal variant, which results from the incomplete embryonic fusion of renunculi.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
It can be seen as a triangular echogenic cortical defect, frequently seen in upper lobe parenchyma. The defect is the extensi...
Article
Renal hemosiderosis
Renal hemosiderosis results from accumulation of hemosiderin in the kidneys. It is usually considered a benign and incidental radiologic finding and rarely results in clinically apparent renal dysfunction.
Pathology
Renal hemosiderosis is a known complication of the following conditions:
...
Article
Supernumerary kidney
Supernumerary kidneys, also known as accessory kidneys, are a rare congenital anomaly of the urogenital system, where there are one or two additional kidneys.
Epidemiology
Less than 100 cases have been documented in the medical literature.
Associations
Many conditions have been found to be a...
Article
Spotted nephrogram
A spotted nephrogram is a descriptive term indicating an appearance of patchy, segmental and subsegmental renal parenchymal enhancement.
Pathology
The pattern is indicative of focal areas of cortical ischemia or necrosis, as a result of small vessel occlusion. This abnormal perfusion pattern c...
Article
Moth eaten calyces
Moth eaten calyx refers to the ragged, feathery calyceal outline due to irregular erosions of the calyx. It is one of the earliest excretory urographic appearance of genitourinary tuberculosis.
Pathology
This appearance is due to necrotizing papillitis, which may further progress to form medu...
Article
Kidneys
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebral bodies.
Gross anatomy
Location
The kidneys are located to either side of the vertebral column in the perirenal space of the retroperitoneum, within the posterior abdominal wall. The long axis of the...
Article
Abnormal renal rotation
Abnormal renal rotation, also known as renal malrotation, refers to an anatomical variation in the position of the kidneys, in particular to anomalous orientation of the renal hilum. It may occur unilaterally or bilaterally. It is almost always an asymptomatic incidental finding.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Renal vein
The renal veins are asymmetric paired retroperitoneal veins that drain the kidneys.
Gross anatomy
Course
The renal vein is formed by the union of two-to-three renal parenchymal veins in the renal sinus. It emerges from the renal hilum anterior to the renal artery and drains into the inferior...
Article
Renal cyst
Renal cyst is a generic term commonly used in description of any predominantly cystic renal lesion. The majority of parenchymal cystic lesions represent benign epithelial cysts; however, malignancy such as renal cell carcinoma may also present as a cystic lesion 8.
Renal cysts are usually evalu...
Article
Juxtaglomerular cell tumor
Juxtaglomerular cell tumors, also known as reninomas, are uncommon renal tumor of the juxtaglomerular cells. The tumor cells secrete renin and often cause severe hypertension and hypokalemia.
Epidemiology
Juxtaglomerular cell tumor affect all age groups, but are most common in adolescents and ...
Article
Renal tubular ectasia
Renal tubular ectasia is an incidental finding that is seen more commonly on intravenous pyelography (IVP), but which can also occasionally be seen on CT urography (CTU).
Terminology
Renal tubular ectasia is also known as benign renal tubular ectasia. The term "benign" was used to differentiat...
Article
Renal replacement lipomatosis
Renal replacement lipomatosis is a rare condition characterized by fatty tissue proliferation in the renal sinus and perinephric space with marked destruction/atrophy of renal parenchyma (due to chronic inflammation).
Epidemiology
Associations
Renal replacement lipomatosis has been associated...
Article
Cystinuria
Cystinuria is an inherited condition in which there is an excess of cystine in the urine. This excess predisposes to the formation of cysteine stones.
Terminology
"Cysteine" refers to the amino acid. "Cystine" is the oxidized dimer of the amino acid.
Epidemiology
It is thought to occur in 1:...
Article
RENAL nephrometry scoring system
The RENAL nephrometry scoring system was developed to categorize renal masses into low, intermediate and high complexity, based on cross-sectional imaging findings. Its purpose is to aid in decision making, patient counseling, surgical planning, and patient follow-up, as well as academic reporti...
Article
Haemodialysis vascular access
Vascular access for haemodialysis is used for end-stage renal failure that requires renal replacement therapy. Options include temporary/permanent and non-surgical vs surgical methods. This article will focus on surgical arteriovenous fistulae.
Types of vascular access
Temporary
temporary vas...
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