Items tagged “rewrite”

Foot injection is a non-specific term often used by patients, about tarsal or metatarsal joint injections and to other procedures which include:​ calcaneocuboid joint injection metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) injection naviculocuneiform joint injection plantar fascia injection plantar fasc...

Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) injections under image guidance ensure precise delivery of an injectate into the joint and, importantly, that the needle is under direct visualisation. Indications pain arthropathy, e.g. osteoarthritis diagnostic injection Contraindications Absolute anaphylaxi...

The medial collateral ligament bursa is one of the bursae of the knee with the shape of a vertically expanding compartment located between the superficial and deep portions of the medial collateral ligament 1-5. The bursa is usually located in the middle third of the knee, with the anterior marg...

Pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas are rare exocrine neoplasms that comprise ~1% of all pancreatic tumours. This tumour shows more aggressive behaviour than the far more common adenocarcinoma 1,3,4. Epidemiology This tumour is most common in paediatric (8-15 years) and adult (60 years) populati...

Focal cerebral arteriopathy of childhood (FCA), also known as transient cerebral arteriopathy (TCA), is characteristically an acute monophasic disease, with unilateral stenosis of the distal internal carotid artery and/or the proximal middle/anterior cerebral arteries, causing infarction in the ...

The solid variant of the aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a rare non-neoplastic and reactive bone lesion. It differs from the classical type of ABC in certain aspects. Epidemiology The solid variant of ABC has an incidence of ~5% (range 3.4-7.5%) and is found to have slight female predilection (1...

A perivascular adductor longus muscle injury is an infrequent type of trauma to the adductor longus muscle, which is poorly and infrequently reported in the literature 1-3, and may as a result remain underdiagnosed and undertreated. Pathology The adductor longus muscle originates from the exte...

Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterised by macrostomia, wide mouth and microblepharon. Clinical presentation A few of the clinical features of this syndrome are: syndactyly zygomatic hypoplasia  delayed speech  microtia hypoplastic nipples excessive ...

Immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM), also known as necrotising autoimmune myopathy (NAM), is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Epidemiology Associations interstitial lung disease - anti-SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease 3 cardiomyopathy 7 Clinical presentation...

Scapular notching is a radiologic finding post reverse total shoulder arthroplasty that correlates to erosion of the scapular neck. The erosion occurs due to the repetitive contact between the polythene of the humeral component and the inferior scapular neck during adduction and progressive loo...

Greater tubercle/tuberosity fractures of the shoulder are a subtype of proximal humeral fractures. Gross anatomy The greater tubercle is the most lateral bony part of the shoulder. It is the site where three of the rotator cuffs insert to abduct or laterally rotate the shoulder joint (supraspi...

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an odourless and colorless gas that can cause a state of euphoria. Nitrous oxide is the least powerful of the inhalational anaesthetic agents, needing up to 104% concentration to reach 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). Thus, it is usually admixed with a more volatil...

Episcleritis describes inflammation of the thin outer layer of the sclera. The episcleral layer is present in between the conjunctiva and sclera and can become acutely inflamed unilaterally or bilaterally. Clinical presentation Clinically, patients may present with: red eye(s) ocular discomf...

Bone grafting of reverse Hill-Sachs defect is the surgical restoration of the humeral head due to compromised shoulder stability from large defects, which in patients without significant glenoid bone loss who have good bone stock, preserved articular cartilage, and humeral head defect between 20...

Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain is a histological stain frequently used to screen specimens for fungal organisms. The procedure relies on the presence of polysaccharides along the fungal cell wall. During the staining process, chromic acid is first applied to the specimen which ox...

Enucleation of the eye describes the surgical removal of the entire globe with the separation of all connections to the orbit, including optic nerve transection. Alternatives such as evisceration or exenteration can be considered according to the underlying diagnosis and disease. Rarely, auto-e...