Items tagged “rewrite”
136 results found
Article
Anode (x-ray tube)
The anode (or anticathode) is the component of the x-ray tube where x-rays are produced. It is a piece of metal, shaped in the form of a bevelled disk with a diameter between 55 and 100 mm, and thickness of 7 mm, connected to the positive side of the electrical circuit. The anode converts the en...
Article
Pneumatosis coli
Pneumatosis coli is a descriptive sign presenting radiographically as intramural gas limited to the colonic wall.
Terminology
There are different terminologies in the medical literature, such as pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumatosis coli, and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Pneumatosis in...
Article
Scleroderma (gastrointestinal manifestations)
Gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma can occur in up to 90% of patients with scleroderma 2 with the most common site of gastrointestinal involvement being the esophagus. After skin changes and Raynaud phenomenon, gastrointestinal changes are the third most common manifestation of scler...
Article
History of ultrasound in medicine
The first written document dealing with the use of waves in spatial orientation dates back to 1794, when an Italian physicist Lazzaro Spallanzani (“Opus coli di fisica”), analyzed the basic mechanisms of the navigation of flying bats in the dark, and rightly deduced that bats employed sound rath...
Article
Pulmonary necrosis
Pulmonary necrosis is seen in a variety of conditions, including 1:
pulmonary infections
Klebsiella pneumoniae - Klebsiella pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae - pulmonary haemophilus influenzae infection
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - pulmonary pseudomonas aeruginosa infe...
Article
Reporting tips for aortic aneurysms
When issuing an MRI or CT report on a patient with an aortic aneurysm, whether it be thoracic or abdominal, a number of features should be mentioned to aid the referring clinician in managing the patient.
Reporting tips for aortic aneurysms include 1,2:
size and shape
sac dimensions (outer su...
Article
Ultrasound evaluation of breast cysts
Ultrasound evaluation of breast cysts is the modality of choice. Obstruction of the ducts, often appearing as the result of epithelial hyperplastic processes or stromal fibrosis, or both processes lead to the formation of cysts, disabling the drainage of the terminal ducts of the lobules.
In al...
Article
Paratesticular tumors
A paratesticular mass may derive from a number of structures that surround the testis within the scrotum; most commonly, they derive from the spermatic cord.
Pathology
The masses can be categorized as benign (70%) or malignant (30%).
Etiology
Benign
spermatic cord lipoma (most common parat...
Article
Seronegative spondyloarthritis
Seronegative spondyloarthritides, also known as spondyloarthropathies (SpA), are a group of musculoskeletal syndromes linked by common clinical features and immunopathologic mechanisms. The subtypes of spondyloarthritis are usually distinguished based on history and clinical findings.
Terminolo...
Article
Echogenic renal pyramids (differential)
Echogenic renal pyramids in children can be due to many different causes.
Differential diagnosis
Nephrocalcinosis
Iatrogenic (most common cause)
furosemide (frusemide)
vitamin D
steroids
Non-iatrogenic
idiopathic hypercalcemia
Williams syndrome
hyperparathyroidism
m...
Article
Facet joint
Facet joints, also known as apophyseal or zygapophyseal joints, are the synovial articulations of the posterior arch of the vertebrae and form part of the posterior column.
Gross anatomy
They are symmetrical synovial-lined joints with a fibrous capsule that connect the articular facets of the...
Article
Pediatric urinary tract infection
Pediatric urinary tract infections are common and are a source of significant imaging in young children.
Epidemiology
Pediatric urinary tract infections affect up to 2.8% of all children every year, with approximately 2% of boys and 8% or more of girls developing a urinary tract infection at s...
Article
Ophthalmoplegia
Ophthalmoplegia describes the abnormal eye movement that occurs because of paralysis of one or more of the six extraocular muscles involved in eye movements. Classification can be based on the cause of the ophthalmoplegia or the directions of the affected movements.
There are numerous causes of...
Article
Ocular pathology
Ocular pathology covers a wide range of conditions and therefore represents the cause of a wide range of symptoms, signs and radiographic features.
Ocular metastases account for over 80% of all ocular pathology ref. Concerning the remainder of ocular lesions, the primary differentiating factor ...
Article
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II, also known as Langer-Giedion syndrome, is an extremely rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder.
Pathology
The effects are seen mainly on the skeletal system and primarily involves
hair: "tricho-"
nose: "rhino-"
digits of the hands and feet: "-phalang...
Article
T2 shine through
T2 shine-through refers to high signal on DWI images that is not due to restricted diffusion, but rather to high T2 signal which 'shines through' to the DWI image. T2 shine through occurs because of long T2 decay time in some normal tissue.
This is most often seen with subacute infarctions due ...
Article
Boxer knuckle
Boxer knuckle (not to be confused with a boxer fracture) refers to an appearance when there is a disruption to the sagittal bands of the extensor hood, particularly over the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint.
Epidemiology
It is most common in the middle finger, and radial sided sagittal band inj...
Article
Medial collateral ligament injury grading
Medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries are graded into three groups on MRI, much in the same way as many other ligaments:
grade 1: (minor sprain) high signal is seen medial (superficial) to the ligament, which looks normal
grade 2: (severe sprain or partial tear) high signal is seen medial ...
Article
Sprain vs strain
As petty as it sounds, medicine (and especially radiology) is all about precision in the terminology we use. Sprain and strain are often used interchangeably and often (randomly) incorrectly.
sprain refers to injury of ligaments.
strain refers to injury of muscles and tendons. A simple aide-...
Article
Breast MRI
Breast MRI is the most sensitive method (>90%) for the detection of breast cancer. Its role in diagnosis and management continues to evolve 13.
Terminology
Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI provides information about the morphology and function of a lesion with high sensitivity but moderate ...
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