Items tagged “rewrite”

A windswept pelvis fracture is a complex bony pelvic injury caused by a combination of unilateral AP compression (open book) injury with a contralateral lateral compression injury.  It occurs when the internal rotation of one iliac wing causes a unilateral sacral compression fracture, while the...

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI NETs) are neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the GI tract and can be functional or non-functional: functional NETs can be challenging to localize as:  they are often small in size at the time of diagnosis arise in many sites throughout the body non-fun...

The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system and is the largest male accessory gland. It typically weighs between 20-40 grams with an average size of 3 x 4 x 2 cm. The prostate is comprised of 70% glandular tissue and 30% fibromuscular or stromal tissue 1-3 and provides ~30% of the...

Trauma is a leading cause of mortality in pregnancy. Pregnancy increases the incidence and severity of abdominal trauma in females.  Epidemiology Trauma affects up to 7% of pregnancies, and the incidence of pregnancy in level 1 trauma patients is estimated to be ~2% 1.  Pathology Etiology 9...

Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan is a point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) examination performed at the time of presentation of a trauma patient.  It is invariably performed by a clinician, who should be formally trained, and is considered as an 'extension' of the trauma cl...

Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease (HADD) or calcium apatite deposition disease (CADD) is a disease of uncertain etiology characterized by periarticular and intra-articular calcium deposits. The shoulder is the most frequently involved site with classic calcific tendinitis presentation. ...

A number of differentials must be kept in mind while approaching diffuse or multiple pulmonary nodules. Interpretation is easier if nodules are the only abnormality. Differential diagnosis These differentials can be narrowed down based on several criteria: Based on appearance  miliary nodule...

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) involves the administration of intravenous contrast agents consisting of microbubbles/nanobubbles of gas. Usecases liver hepatic metastasis cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma cholangiocarcinoma hepatocellular carcinoma hepatic adenoma focal nodular hyperpl...

The terminal zones of myelination are located at the posterior aspect of the lateral ventricles (the peritrigonal regions) and are the only part of the cerebral white matter that may exhibit high T2 signal in a normal brain at 2 years of age, when myelination of cerebral white matter normally be...

Pulmonary mucormycosis is an opportunistic pulmonary fungal infection from a fungus belonging to the order Mucorales. Pulmonary mucormycosis has to be distinguished from the related counterpart invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) as modern first-line antifungals typically used for aspergillo...

The Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis from 2012 is an international multidisciplinary classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis, updating the 1992 Atlanta classification. The worldwide consensus aims for an internationally agreed-upon classification of acute pancre...

Radioembolization is the delivery of radioactive microspheres to cancers using an endovascular approach. It is often performed as an outpatient procedure.  Indications hepatocellular carcinoma 2 hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma Contraindications Absolute contraindications exces...

Dual energy CT, also known as spectral CT, is a computed tomography technique that uses two separate x-ray photon energy spectra, allowing the interrogation of materials that have different attenuation properties at different energies. Whereas conventional single energy CT produces a single imag...

Bone mineral density (BMD) is defined as the amount of mineral (calcium hydroxyapatite) per unit of bone and can be used as an indirect indicator of bone strength. The bone mineral density is used to determine if osteopenia or osteoporosis are present. Radiographic features Bone mineral densit...

Flare phenomenon or osteoblastic flare phenomenon refers to interval visualization of lesions with a sclerotic rim around an initially lytic lesion or sclerosis of lesions previously undetected on radiograph or CT in the setting of follow-up of an oncological patient with other signs of partial ...

Cricket is a popular game in Commonwealth countries. Sports injuries in this game can be associated with three positional aspects of the game: bowling, batting or fielding. Radiologists should know the different kinds of injuries related to this game for a better clinical association. Injuries c...

Hip hemiarthroplasty is an orthopedic procedure for the treatment of certain femoral neck fractures where the femoral head is removed and replaced. The prefix hemi (meaning half) refers to the fact that the prosthetic femoral head articulates with the native acetabulum. Hemiarthroplasty is indi...

Pseudoenhancement is an artifact encountered with contrast-enhanced CT, whereby the calculated density of a lesion is inaccurately increased. This phenomenon is most often problematic during evaluation of renal cysts by CT. On CT, it can be challenging to distinguish cystic versus solid renal l...

Small pulmonary lung nodules refer to an HRCT chest imaging descriptor for 5-10 mm lung nodules and are divided into three main categories based on their distribution pattern: centrilobular perilymphatic random Terminology Radiologists often informally refer to indeterminate small pulmonary...

The wrist series is comprised of a posteroanterior, oblique, and lateral projection. The series examines the carpal bones (namely, the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate). It also examines the radiocarpal joint along with the distal radius and ulna....