Items tagged “snippet title”

The caput medusae sign also sometimes known as a palm tree sign refers to developmental venous anomalies of the brain, where a number of veins converge centrally into a single draining vein.  The sign is seen on both CT and MRI when contrast medium is administered. Angiographically the caput me...

Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is the second most common morphological and pathological pattern of interstitial lung diseases. NSIP has two main subtypes: fibrotic type: most common, having a more dismal outcome cellular type: less common, but carries a much better prognosis and re...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multisystem disease with predominant musculoskeletal manifestations. It is a disease that primarily affects synovial tissues, i.e. synovial joints, tendons, and bursae. Refer to the related articles for a general discussion of rheumatoid arthritis and for ...

Pulmonary manifestations are relatively common in rheumatoid arthritis, and like many of its non-articular manifestations, tend to develop later in the disease. Please refer to the related articles for a general discussion of rheumatoid arthritis, and for the specific discussion of its musculos...

A multicentric breast cancer is a term given to a breast cancer where there are two or more breast cancers separated by normal breast tissue (often taken as 5 cm of separation 4). It is related to but distinct from the term multifocal breast cancer. At a pathological level It can also mean 2 t...

The scaphoid lateral view is part of a four view series of the scaphoid, wrist and surrounding carpal bones. It is a complementary projection to the PA view demonstrating the scaphoid in the orthogonal plane. Patient position patient is seated alongside the table the affected arm if possible ...

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists   Nasogastric (NG) tube position on chest x-ray should be assessed following initial placement and on subsequent radiographs. Reference article This is a summary article; we have a more in-depth reference article NGT. S...

Genitourinary manifestations of HIV/AIDS are protean and can be divided into: HIV-associated nephropathy renal diseases related to opportunistic infections: CMV, tuberculosis and MAC infections, fungal infections, pneumocystis carinii infection drug-related renal diseases: indinavir-induced ...

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), also known as Hashimoto encephalopathy, is a rare complication of autoimmune thyroid disease characterized by a wide range of neurological or psychiatric symptoms, normal or nonspecific brain MRI findings, and elev...

Renal manifestations of scleroderma are common, affecting up to 25% of patients. Some patients (5-10%) can present with a scleroderma renal crisis (SRC). These patients have an abrupt onset of hypertension and acute renal failure 4.  For a general discussion of scleroderma, please refer to the ...

Loss of intervertebral disc space can be due to a variety of causes: degenerative disc disease of the spine: most common cause trauma discitis neuropathic spondyloarthropathy dialysis related spondyloarthropathy ankylosing spondylitis ochronosis crystal deposition diseases sarcoidosis ...

The Mayo classification of scaphoid fractures divides scaphoid fractures into three types according to the anatomic location of the fracture line: middle (70%) distal (20%) proximal (10%) Fractures of the distal third are further divided into distal articular surface and distal t...

A reverse target sign is a potential ultrasound marker for cirrhotic nodules on ultrasound. It represents central iso-hyperechogenicity with surrounding hyperechoic rim. This sign is useful to differentiate metastases from cirrhotic nodules, conversely the target sign is seen with liver metastas...

CNS manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) are rare.  For a general discussion of the condition, please refer to the main article on granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). For other organ-specific radiographic features, please refer to individual articles: granulomatosis wit...

BI-RADS 0 is one of seven categories from the breast imaging-reporting and data system and is used when imaging is incomplete such as: when further imaging or information is required, e.g. compression, magnification, special mammographic views, ultrasound when requesting previous images not av...

Harrington criteria can be used to predict which long bone skeletal metastases are at high risk of pathological fracture and should undergo prophylactic internal fixation. It preceded the Mirels classification for impending pathological fracture but has not been validated and its use is debated....

Orbital manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) reflects a mix of CNS, musculoskeletal and ocular disease. Usually, only one orbit is affected, commonly associated with an ipsilateral extracranial disease. Pathology NF1 manifests in the orbit in the following ways 1-5: plexiform neur...

There is a short list of causes for enlarged extraocular muscles. The differential can be narrowed by the clinical history, known systemic illness, pattern of specific muscles involved, the muscle morphology, as well as concurrent findings outside the muscles 3: inflammatory, infectious, and de...

Medulloblastoma - group 4 tumors are malignant tumors of the central nervous system, and one of the most common pediatric tumors. They are the most common medulloblastoma group (followed by group 3, SHH-activated, and WNT-activated), and typically arise from the vermis of the cerebellum.  Termi...

Medulloblastoma - group 3 tumors are malignant tumors of the central nervous system, and one of the most common pediatric tumors. They typically arise from the vermis of the cerebellum and are present in childhood and infancy. They have the worst prognosis of all medulloblastoma groups.   Termi...