Items tagged “spine”
762 results found
Case
Burst fracture - thoracic spine
Published
28 Jul 2014
98% complete
CT
Article
Thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS)
The thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), also sometimes known as the thoracolumbar injury severity score (TISS), was developed by the Spine Trauma Group in 2005 to overcome some of the perceived difficulties regarding the use of other thoracolumbar spinal fracture clas...
Article
Y sign (epidural lipomatosis)
The Y sign refers to a common appearance in lumbar epidural lipomatosis where excess fat in the extradural space compresses the dural sac into the shape of the letter "Y".
NB: Y sign also refers to the appearance of incudomalleolar disarticulation on CT, more commonly known to radiologists as t...
Article
Cervical spine
The cervical spine (often shortened to C-spine) is the upper part of the spine extending from the skull base to the thorax at the level of the first vertebra with a rib attached to it. It normally consists of seven vertebrae. Its main function is to support the skull and maintain the relative po...
Article
Atlas (C1)
The atlas (plural: atlases) is the first cervical vertebra, commonly called C1. It is an atypical cervical vertebra with unique features. It articulates with the dens of the axis and the occiput, respectively allowing rotation of the head, and flexion, extension and lateral flexion of the head. ...
Article
Typical cervical vertebrae
Of the seven cervical vertebrae, C3 through C6 have typical anatomy, while C7 looks very similar. C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have very distinct anatomical features. For a basic anatomic description of the structure a generic vertebra, see vertebrae.
Gross anatomy
small, oval-shaped vertebral bod...
Article
Brown-Séquard syndrome
Brown-Séquard syndrome, also known as hemicord syndrome, is the result of damage to, or impairment of, the left or right side of the spinal cord. It is characterized by a characteristic pattern of motor and sensory deficits that are determined by the decussation pattern of various white matter t...
Article
Conus medullaris syndrome
Conus medullaris syndrome is caused by an injury or insult to the conus medullaris and lumbar nerve roots. It is a clinical subset of spinal cord injury syndromes. Injuries at the level of T12 to L2 vertebrae are most likely to result in conus medullaris syndrome.
Clinical presentation
Patient...
Article
Cervical spine ligaments
Cervical spine ligaments ordered from anterior to posterior include:
anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
apical ligament
alar ligaments (paired)
cruciate ligament of the atlas
longitudinal band: joins the body of the axis to the foramen magnum
transver...
Case
Spinal fracture with cauda equina syndrome
Published
04 Feb 2015
100% complete
CT
Annotated image
MRI
Article
Vertebral pneumatocyst
Vertebral pneumatocysts are gas-filled cavities within the spinal vertebrae. They are most common at cervical levels. In general, vertebral pneumatocysts are less common than intraosseous pneumatocysts in the pelvis, especially adjacent to the sacroiliac joint.
Pathogenesis
Although not comple...
Article
Transverse process fracture
Transverse process fractures are common sequelae of trauma, although they are considered minor and stable lumbar spine fractures. There is a strong association between transverse process fractures and other traumatic injuries.
Pathology
Transverse process fracture most commonly occurs in the u...
Article
Levine and Edwards classification
The Levine and Edwards classification is the most widely used classification system of hangman fractures of the C2 vertebra 3. The injury, also known as traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis, and the amount and direction of displacement determines stability and guides treatment. The classifica...
Article
Allen and Ferguson classification of subaxial cervical spine injuries
Allen and Ferguson classification is used for research purposes to classify subaxial spine injuries and is based purely on the mechanism of injury and position of the neck during injury. This classification was proposed by Allen and Ferguson in 1982 1 and at the time of writing (February 2024)...
Article
Subluxed facet joint
Subluxed facet joint is the mildest form of facet dislocation in which the ligamentous injury leads to partial uncovering of a facet joint (cf. complete uncovering in perched facet). This results in mild anterior displacement of one vertebral body on another (anterolisthesis).
Case
Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis
Published
10 Apr 2015
94% complete
X-ray
Article
Ligamentum flavum
The ligamenta flava (singular: ligamentum flavum) are paired ligaments which run between adjacent laminae of the vertebral bodies and are present from C2/3 to the sacrum. Above the C2/3 level, the equivalent structures are known as the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane between the skull base ...
Case
Modic-type endplate changes: diagram
Published
19 May 2015
29% complete
Diagram
Article
Normal spine imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the spine and surrounding structures, divided by region and modality.
Cervical spine
plain radiograph
example 1: AP, lat, obliques only
example 2: PEG view
example 3: flexion and extension views only
example 4: pediatric (12 years old)
exam...
Article
Lumbar plexus
The lumbar plexus is a complex neural network formed by the lower thoracic and lumbar ventral nerve roots (T12 to L5) which supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower limb and pelvic girdle.
Summary
origin: ventral rami of T12 to L5
course: formed within the substance of the ps...