Items tagged “trauma”
113 results found
Article
Orbital blow-out fracture
Orbital blow-out fractures occur when there is a fracture of one of the walls of orbit but the orbital rim remains intact. This is typically caused by a direct blow to the central orbit from a fist or ball.
Epidemiology
The blow-out fracture is the most common type of orbital fracture and is u...
Article
Mayfield classification of carpal instability (perilunate instability)
Mayfield classification of carpal instability, also known as perilunate instability classification (carpal dislocations), describes carpal ligament injuries.
Instability has been divided into four stages 1-2:
stage I: scapholunate dissociation (rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid)
disruptio...
Article
Coracoclavicular ligament injury
Coracoclavicular (CC) ligament injury is common with shoulder trauma. It is considered part of the spectrum of acromioclavicular joint injuries 2 and is not often an isolated injury. It is also often injured with clavicular fractures.
This injury is easy to miss, especially with the presence o...
Article
Duodenal hematoma
Duodenal hematoma refers to hematoma formation in the duodenal wall, as the most common site of intramural hematoma of the gastrointestinal tract.
Clinical presentation
upper GIT obstruction: occurs in insidious onset at least 48 hours after injury. Nearly one-third of the patients present ...
Article
Extradural hemorrhage
Extradural hematoma (EDH), also known as an epidural hematoma, is a collection of blood that forms between the inner surface of the skull and outer layer of the dura, which is called the endosteal layer. They are usually associated with a history of head trauma and frequently associated skull fr...
Article
Lipohemarthrosis
Lipohemarthrosis results from an intra-articular fracture with escape of fat and blood from the bone marrow into the joint, and is most frequently seen in the knee, associated with a tibial plateau fracture or distal femoral fracture; rarely a patellar fracture. They have also been described in ...
Article
AAST liver injury scale
The AAST (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma) liver injury scale, revised in 2018, is the most widely used liver injury grading system 3.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury 3.
Cla...
Article
AAST kidney injury scale
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) renal injury scale, most recently updated in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for renal trauma.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for viscera...
Article
Thoracic aortic injury
Thoracic aortic injury is the most common type of traumatic aortic injury and is a critical life-threatening, and often life-ending event.
Clinical presentation
Approximately 80% of patients with thoracic aortic injury die at the scene of the trauma. In those who make it to hospital, clinical...
Article
Renal vascular pedicle injury
Renal vascular pedicle injury is a severe form of renal trauma, which if not recognized and treated expediently, can lead to the loss of the kidney.
Radiographic features
CT
Contrast enhanced CT is the Imaging modality of choice. On CT it is recognized as a non-enhancing kidney. Perirenal h...
Article
Mandibular fracture
Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs. This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making s...
Article
Temporomandibular joint trauma
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can be affected by trauma in a number of ways:
condylar process fractures
temporomandibular joint dislocation
fracture of the mandibular fossa
Article
Odontoid fracture
Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2.
Pathology
The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5.
Classification
There are two...
Article
Sternoclavicular joint injury
Sternoclavicular joint injuries are uncommon and can vary from a mild joint capsule sprain to serious dislocation. This article is focussed on sternoclavicular joint dislocations.
Epidemiology
Most cases result from indirect trauma 5, especially high-speed motor vehicle accidents. They can ra...
Article
Temporal bone fracture complications (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for remembering the complications of temporal bone fractures that may require early intervention is:
CLONE
Mnemonic
C: carotid artery injury
L: leakage of CSF
O: other intracranial complications, e.g. hematoma
N: nerve injury leading to complete facial paralysis
E: ext...
Article
Raccoon eyes sign (base of skull fracture)
Raccoon eyes sign (or panda eyes in the UK and Ireland) refers to periorbital ecchymosis with sparing of the tarsal plate 3 and is a physical examination finding indicative of a base of skull fracture of the anterior cranial fossa.
However it is not pathognomonic for trauma, and there are sever...
Article
Perthes lesion
Perthes lesion of the shoulder is one of the types of anterior glenohumeral injury in which the anterior inferior labrum is torn and lifted from the edge of the glenoid 1 but still attached to the intact lifted periosteum from the anterior aspect of the glenoid. Although the labrum may be normal...
Article
Posterior dislocation of the hip
Posterior dislocations of the hip, although uncommon, are the most common direction of dislocation for this joint, outnumbering anterior dislocations 9:1.
Pathology
It most frequently occurs in the setting of significant trauma, given a large amount of force required. The most common scenario ...
Article
Morel-Lavallée lesion
Morel-Lavallée lesions are closed degloving injuries associated with severe trauma which then present as hemolymphatic collections or masses. MRI and ultrasound are useful modalities for evaluation.
Terminology
The lesions classically occur over the greater trochanter of the femur 1. Morel-Lav...
Article
Maisonneuve fracture
Maisonneuve fracture refers to a combination of a fracture of the proximal fibula together with an unstable ankle injury (widening of the ankle mortise on x-ray), often comprising ligamentous injury (distal tibiofibular syndesmosis, deltoid ligament) and/or fracture of the medial malleolus. It i...