Items tagged “urology”
23 results found
Article
Acute pyelonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis (plural: acute pyelonephritides) is a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and parenchyma most commonly seen in young women. It remains common and continues to have significant morbidity in certain groups of patients.
Epidemiology
The incidence of acute pyelonephritis p...
Article
Testicular torsion
Testicular torsion occurs when a testis torts on the spermatic cord resulting in the cutting off of blood supply. The most common symptom is acute testicular pain and the most common underlying cause, a bell-clapper deformity. The diagnosis is often made clinically but if it is in doubt, an ultr...
Article
Urinary bladder hernia
Herniation of the urinary bladder is a relatively uncommon but not a rare condition. It occurs when the urinary bladder or ureter herniates into the inguinal canal, scrotal sac or femoral canal. Herniations through ischiorectal, obturator, or abdominal wall openings have also been described. Bla...
Article
Urinary bladder trauma
Urinary bladder trauma describes a spectrum of damage that can be caused to the urinary bladder, usually in the context of significant trauma.
Epidemiology
Bladder trauma is generally associated with high energy injuries, and is associated with pelvic fractures in the majority of cases 3,6. Th...
Article
Hypospadias
Hypospadias refers to a type of congenital malformation affecting the male external genitalia.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence is ~2 (range 0.2-4.1) per 1000 live births.
Pathology
The urethral meatus is abnormally positioned proximally and ventrally to its normal position.
It is thou...
Article
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1.
Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article.
Terminology
The term hydroureter...
Article
Hydronephrosis grading (SFU system)
The grading system of hydronephrosis developed by the Society of Fetal Urology (SFU) was devised to assess the degree of hydronephrosis. This particular system is thought to be the most common in use and was originally designed for grading neonatal and infant pelvicalyectasis:
grade 0
no ...
Article
Leukoplakia of the urinary tract
Leukoplakia of the urinary tract is a squamous metaplasia of the urothelium (keratinization).
Clinical presentation
Clinically the condition presents with hematuria in one-third of cases, dysuria, frequency and nocturia, and thus it can mimic cystitis. Passage of the desquamated keratinized e...
Article
Ureteric injury
Ureteric injury is a relatively uncommon, but severe event, which may result in serious complications as a diagnosis is often delayed.
Clinical presentation
Ureteric injuries unreliably demonstrate macro- or microscopic hematuria as it may be absent in up to 25% of patients 5, 6. Classic clin...
Article
Urinary bladder wall thickening
Urinary bladder wall thickening is a common finding and its significance depends on whether the bladder is adequately distended.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
In both adults and children, the wall may be considered thickened on ultrasound if it measures 6:
>3 mm when distended (>25% expec...
Article
Subcapsular perirenal hematoma
A subcapsular perirenal hematoma is a form of perirenal hematoma where blood accumulates beneath the renal capsular margin.
Pathology
It can arise from a number of causes
trauma, important in assessing renal trauma grading
post procedural, e.g. extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) 5,...
Article
Urinary tract infection
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common clinical condition involving the bladder (cystitis) and kidneys (pyelonephritis). It is commonly divided into 'uncomplicated' and 'complicated' infections.
Clinical presentation
painful urination
strangury
bloody, dark, cloudy urine
urinary frequen...
Article
Renal artery pseudoaneurysm
Renal artery pseudoaneurysms are uncommon vascular finding, with the majority occuring after a renal intervention.
Pathology
A renal artery pseudoaneurysm differs from a renal artery true aneurysm (as might occur in fibromuscular dysplasia) in that it does not involve all three layers of the a...
Article
Transurethral resection of the prostate
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a traditional therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and prostatism from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Transurethral resection of the prostate results in characteristic imaging features.
Indications
acute urinary retention
recurrent u...
Article
Nephrostomy
Nephrostomy is a common urologic or interventional radiology procedure in which a tube/catheter is introduced into the renal collecting system (usually the renal pelvis).
Nephrostomies can either be
"open" nephrostomy: after a urological surgical procedure, such as a UPJ stone removal
thes...
Article
Pyelostomy
Pyelostomy is a rarely performed procedure in which an externalized catheter drains the renal pelvis. It is different from a nephrostomy in that the catheter in a pyelostomy enters the renal pelvis directly without passing though the renal parenchyma. It is much more prone to complication than a...
Article
Transureteroureterostomy
Transureteroureterostomy (TUU) is a procedure in which one ureter is divided and then connected (re-routed) into the other. It is performed when a distal ureter needs to be bypassed and can be performed instead of a psoas hitch or Boari flap. It may be preferable if the patient has had prior rad...
Article
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a common non-invasive treatment for urolithiasis, and less commonly for pancreatic or salivary ductal stones 4. It is less successful in obese patients and with stones >2 cm. Children respond equally well or better to ESWL than adults 5.
The princ...
Article
Prostatectomy
Prostatectomy is a common procedure to remove the prostate gland, most often for prostate adenocarcinoma, although occasionally performed for benign prostatic hyperplasia. When performed for tumor, it is only indicated for tumors that are confined to the prostate.
There are two main types of pr...
Article
Primary urethral cancer
Primary urethral cancer, in most cases a urethral carcinoma, is a rare urological malignancy. It can be divided into female urethral cancer and male urethral cancer.
Epidemiology
It has an incidence of 4.3 per million for males and 1.5 per million for females. It usually manifests in the 5th d...
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