Frank Gaillard ◉ ◈

All other things being equal, which of the following biomarkers confers the poorest prognosis in diffuse gliomas?

In a patient with a diagnosis of glioblastoma (GBM), which of the following are poor prognostic features?

Tanycytic ependymomas are usually found in which location?

The histological feature shown in the attached image is consistent with which of the following central nervous system tumors?

Which of the following histological features is characteristic of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET)?

Using immunohistochemistry, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNETs) are usually positive for all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following immunohistochemistry markers does NOT usually stain neurons? 

Which of the following is a good prognostic factor for glioblastoma (GBM)?

Which of the following central nervous system cell types are NOT considered to be a type of glial cell?

Historically, secondary glioblastomas were considered... 

Latent infection with which virus is associated with the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in individuals with multiple sclerosis?

Latent infection with John Cunningham (JC) virus is present particularly in which cell, leading to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in some patients with alteration of their immune system. 

A 40-year-old male, with no prior history of a brain tumor, undergoes resection of a heterogeneous left frontal lobe tumor. Histology demonstrates an astrocytic tumor with necrosis and microvascular proliferation. Immunohistochemistry confirms astrocytic differentiation and is negative for IDH1 R132H mutations. How should this tumor be classified?

A 65-year-old patient with an astrocytic tumor with necrosis is biopsied and the tumor is shown to be IDH1 R132H negative on immunohistochemistry. What is the likelihood that they harbor an alternative IDH1 or IDH2 mutation?

A 50-year-old man presents with deteriorating memory over the last 3 months. He has a history of right eye rhabdomyosarcoma treated with surgery. No other known illnesses. He is investigated with an MRI of the brain. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following metabolites accumulates in patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations and results in an increased likelihood of seizures?