Stefan Tigges ◉

A 90 year old woman presents with left hip pain and refusal to bear weight after a fall. The radiograph below was obtained. What is the most appropriate next step in managing the patient?

What is the most important feature of this subcapital femoral neck fracture with respect to treatment planning?

What is the most likely mechanism of injury for the fracture shown below?

In what structure did the intra-arterial clot shown on this CT image most likely form?

What is the range for the quality factor or utility used in calculation of a quality adjusted life year (QALY)?

In which direction will differential misclassification of the presence or absence of an exposure or the health outcome of interest bias study results?

In which direction will non-differential misclassification of the presence or absence of an exposure or the health outcome of interest bias study results?

A case control study shows an association between birth order and Down syndrome, with higher odds of Down syndrome with later births. What is the most likely source of confounding in this study?

What is the most appropriate measure of association for a case control study?

What is the most appropriate measure of association for a cohort study where subjects are followed for 30 years?

What is the most appropriate measure of association for a cohort study where subjects are followed for 3 months?

What is the best interpretation of a risk ratio, rate ratio or odds ratio that is <1?

When are rate ratios used instead of risk ratios?

What is the definition of statistical risk?

When can the odds ratio be used as an approximation of the risk ratio?

What is the best interpretation of a negative likelihood ratio of 0.1?

A diagnostic test has a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 90%. What is the negative likelihood ratio?

A diagnostic test has a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 90%. What is the positive likelihood ratio?