Deterministic effects
Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
At the time the article was created Jeremy Jones had no recorded disclosures.
View Jeremy Jones's current disclosuresAt the time the article was last revised Raymond Chieng had no financial relationships to ineligible companies to disclose.
View Raymond Chieng's current disclosures- Non-stochastic effect
- Nonstochastic effect
- Deterministic effect
- Non-stochastic effects
- Nonstochastic effects
Deterministic effects describe a cause and effect relationship between ionizing radiation and certain side-effects. They are also known as non-stochastic effects to contrast them with chance-like stochastic effects (e.g. cancer induction).
These effects depend on dose, dose rate, dose fractionation, irradiated volume and type of radiation (linear energy transfer (LET)).
Deterministic effects have a threshold below which the effect does not occur. The threshold may be very low and may vary from person to person. However, once the threshold has been exceeded, the severity of an effect increases with dose.
There are practical threshold doses below which no significant changes are apparent and these thresholds should never be reached occupationally if sensible procedures are upheld.
Examples of deterministic effects (doses are given as absorbed doses and expressed in grays (Gy)) 10:
skin erythema: 2-5 Gy
irreversible skin damage: 20-40 Gy
hair loss: 2-5 Gy
reduced fertility: 0.1-1.2 Gy (male sex, may be transient) 6, <2-7 Gy (female sex 8)
sterility: 4-6 Gy (male sex) 6,7, 4-20 Gy (female sex) 8,9
cataracts: 0.5 Gy1,5
lethality (whole body): 3-5 Gy
fetal abnormality: 0.1-0.5 Gy
Quiz questions
References
- 1. W.E. Bolch, G. Dietze, N. Petoussi-Henss, M. Zankl. Dosimetric models of the eye and lens of the eye and their use in assessing dose coefficients for ocular exposures:. (2015) Annals of the ICRP. 44 (1 Suppl): 91-111. doi:10.1177/0146645314562320 - Pubmed
- 2. Penelope Allisy-Roberts, Jerry R. Williams. Farr's Physics for Medical Imaging. ISBN: 9780702028441
- 3. Philip Palin Dendy, Brian Heaton. Physics for Diagnostic Radiology, Third Edition. ISBN: 9780750305914
- 4. Jerrold T. Bushberg. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. (2012) ISBN: 9781451118100
- 5. Stewart F, Akleyev A, Hauer-Jensen M et al. ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs — Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context. Ann ICRP. 2012;41(1-2):1-322. doi:10.1016/j.icrp.2012.02.001 - Pubmed
- 6. Santaballa A, Márquez-Vega C, Rodríguez-Lescure Á et al. Multidisciplinary Consensus on the Criteria for Fertility Preservation in Cancer Patients. Clin Transl Oncol. 2021;24(2):227-43. doi:10.1007/s12094-021-02699-2 - Pubmed
- 7. Ståhl O, Eberhard J, Jepson K et al. Sperm DNA Integrity in Testicular Cancer Patients. Hum Reprod. 2006;21(12):3199-205. doi:10.1093/humrep/del292 - Pubmed
- 8. Wallace W, Thomson A, Kelsey T. The Radiosensitivity of the Human Oocyte. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(1):117-21. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg016 - Pubmed
- 9. Biedka M, Kuźba-Kryszak T, Nowikiewicz T, Żyromska A. Fertility Impairment in Radiotherapy. Wo. 2016;3(3):199-204. doi:10.5114/wo.2016.57814 - Pubmed
- 10. Penelope J. Allisy-Roberts, Jerry Williams. Farr's Physics for Medical Imaging. (2007) ISBN: 9780702028441. Page 26. - Google Books
Incoming Links
Related articles: Imaging technology
- imaging technology
- imaging physics
- imaging in practice
-
x-rays
- x-ray physics
- x-ray in practice
- x-ray production
- x-ray tube
- filters
- automatic exposure control (AEC)
- beam collimators
- grids
- air gap technique
- cassette
- intensifying screen
- x-ray film
- image intensifier
- digital radiography
- digital image
- mammography
- x-ray artifacts
- radiation units
- radiation safety
- radiation detectors
- fluoroscopy
-
computed tomography (CT)
- CT physics
- CT in practice
- CT technology
- CT image reconstruction
- CT image quality
- CT dose
-
CT contrast media
-
iodinated contrast media
- agents
- water soluble
- water insoluble
- vicarious contrast material excretion
- iodinated contrast media adverse reactions
- agents
- non-iodinated contrast media
-
iodinated contrast media
-
CT artifacts
- patient-based artifacts
- physics-based artifacts
- hardware-based artifacts
- ring artifact
- tube arcing
- out of field artifact
- air bubble artifact
- helical and multichannel artifacts
- CT safety
- history of CT
-
MRI
- MRI physics
- MRI in practice
- MRI hardware
- signal processing
-
MRI pulse sequences (basics | abbreviations | parameters)
- T1 weighted image
- T2 weighted image
- proton density weighted image
- chemical exchange saturation transfer
- CSF flow studies
- diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)
- echo-planar pulse sequences
- fat-suppressed imaging sequences
- gradient echo sequences
- inversion recovery sequences
- metal artifact reduction sequence (MARS)
-
perfusion-weighted imaging
- techniques
- derived values
- saturation recovery sequences
- spin echo sequences
- spiral pulse sequences
- susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)
- T1 rho
- MR angiography (and venography)
-
MR spectroscopy (MRS)
- 2-hydroxyglutarate peak: resonates at 2.25 ppm
- alanine peak: resonates at 1.48 ppm
- choline peak: resonates at 3.2 ppm
- citrate peak: resonates at 2.6 ppm
- creatine peak: resonates at 3.0 ppm
- functional MRI (fMRI)
- gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) peak: resonates at 2.2-2.4 ppm
- glutamine-glutamate peak: resonates at 2.2-2.4 ppm
- Hunter's angle
- lactate peak: resonates at 1.3 ppm
- lipids peak: resonates at 1.3 ppm
- myoinositol peak: resonates at 3.5 ppm
- MR fingerprinting
- N-acetylaspartate (NAA) peak: resonates at 2.0 ppm
- propylene glycol peak: resonates at 1.13 ppm
-
MRI artifacts
- MRI hardware and room shielding
- MRI software
- patient and physiologic motion
- tissue heterogeneity and foreign bodies
- Fourier transform and Nyquist sampling theorem
- MRI contrast agents
- MRI safety
-
ultrasound
- ultrasound physics
-
transducers
- linear array
- convex array
- phased array
- frame averaging (frame persistence)
- ultrasound image resolution
- imaging modes and display
- pulse-echo imaging
- real-time imaging
-
Doppler imaging
- Doppler effect
- color Doppler
- power Doppler
- B flow
- color box
- Doppler angle
- pulse repetition frequency and scale
- wall filter
- color write priority
- packet size (dwell time)
- peak systolic velocity
- end-diastolic velocity
- resistive index
- pulsatility index
- Reynolds number
- panoramic imaging
- compound imaging
- harmonic imaging
- elastography
- scanning modes
- 2D ultrasound
- 3D ultrasound
- 4D ultrasound
- M-mode
-
ultrasound artifacts
- acoustic shadowing
- acoustic enhancement
- beam width artifact
- reverberation artifact
- ring down artifact
- mirror image artifact
- side lobe artifact
- speckle artifact
- speed displacement artifact
- refraction artifact
- multipath artifact
- anisotropy
- electrical interference artifact
- hardware-related artifacts
- Doppler artifacts
- aliasing
- tissue vibration
- spectral broadening
- blooming
- motion (flash) artifact
- twinkling artifact
- acoustic streaming
- biological effects of ultrasound
- history of ultrasound
-
nuclear medicine
- nuclear medicine physics
- detectors
- tissue to background ratio
-
radiopharmaceuticals
- fundamentals of radiopharmaceuticals
- radiopharmaceutical labeling
- radiopharmaceutical production
- nuclear reactor produced radionuclides
- cyclotron produced radionuclides
- radiation detection
- dosimetry
- specific agents
- carbon-11
- chromium-51
- fluorine agents
- gallium agents
- Ga-67 citrate
- Ga-68
- iodine agents
-
I-123
- I-123 iodide
- I-123 ioflupane (DaTSCAN)
- I-123 ortho-iodohippurate
- I-131
-
MIBG scans
- I-123 MIBG
- I-131 MIBG
-
I-123
- indium agents
- In-111 Octreoscan
- In-111 OncoScint
- In-111 Prostascint
- In-111 oxine labeled WBC
- krypton-81m
- nitrogen-13
- oxygen-15
- phosphorus-32
- selenium-75
-
technetium agents
- Tc-99m DMSA
- Tc-99m DTPA
- Tc-99m DTPA aerosol
- Tc-99m HMPAO
- Tc-99m HMPAO labeled WBC
- Tc-99m MAA
- Tc-99m MAG3
- Tc-99m MDP
- Tc-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine
- Tc-99m pertechnetate
- Tc-99m labeled RBC
- Tc-99m sestamibi
- Tc-99m sulfur colloid
- Tc-99m sulfur colloid (oral)
- thallium-201 chloride
- xenon agents
- in vivo therapeutic agents
- pharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine
-
emerging methods in medical imaging
- radiography
- phase-contrast imaging
- CT
- deep-learning reconstruction
- photon counting CT
- virtual non-contrast imaging
- ultrasound
- magnetomotive ultrasound (MMUS)
- superb microvascular imaging
- ultrafast Doppler imaging
- ultrasound localization microscopy
- MRI
- nuclear medicine
- total body PET system
- immuno-PET
- miscellaneous
- radiography
Related articles: Imaging physics
- imaging physics
- imaging in practice
- imaging technology
-
x-ray physics
- ionizing radiation
- interaction with matter
- x-ray spectrum
- radiation units
- effective dose
- entrance skin dose
- radiation safety
- radiation damage (biomolecular)
- radiation damage (skin injury)
- stochastic effect
- CT physics
-
MRI physics
- B0
- chemical shift
- dependence of magnetization (proton density, field strength and temperature)
- echo time
- eddy currents
- electromagnetic induction
- Ernst angle
- flip angle
- Larmor frequency
- magnetic dipole
- magnetic field gradient
- magnetic susceptibility
- magnetism
- molecular tumbling rate effects on T1 and T2
- net magnetization vector (NMV)
- relaxation
- repetition time
- resonance and radiofrequency (RF)
- units of magnetism
- ultrasound physics
- nuclear medicine physics