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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Focal areas of signal intensity (brain)

Focal areas of signal intensity (FASI), also known as focal abnormal signal intensity or unidentified bright objects (UBO), are bright areas on T2-weighted images commonly identified in the basal ganglia (often the globus pallidus), thalamus, brainstem (pons), cerebellum, and subcortical white m...

Right middle lobe syndrome

Right middle lobe syndrome refers to chronic right middle lobe collapse, usually without an obstructing lesion (but not always). It is usually with associated bronchiectasis. Epidemiology Right middle lobe syndrome is usually encountered in older adults, with a predilection for women (see Lad...

Askin tumor

The original description of the Askin tumor (by Askin and Rosai in 1979 1), and many studies following it have led to a great deal of confusion. An Askin tumor was considered a separate entity or as a type of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, usually of the chest wall. However, in the...

Fibroadipose vascular anomaly

Fibroadipose vascular anomaly (FAVA) is an intramuscular vascular anomaly consisting of phlebectasia (dilatation of veins) and fibrofatty replacement of muscle which was first described in 2014. It is in the "provisionally unclassified" category of the ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies....

Medical abbreviations and acronyms (F)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter F and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...

Perivascular spaces

Perivascular spaces, also known as Virchow-Robin spaces, are fluid-filled spaces that surround small arterioles, capillaries and venules in the brain. Those that surround perforating vessels are frequently seen on routine MRI imaging. Despite having been described well over a century ago and se...

Diffuse brainstem glioma (historical)

Diffuse brainstem gliomas or diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas was a term used to describe infiltrating astrocytomas arising in the brainstem, usually in children. It is no longer recognized as a distinct entity, removed from the 2016 update to the WHO classification of CNS tumors replaced by a ...

CheckList for EvaluAtion of Radiomics research (CLEAR)

The CheckList for Evaluation of Radiomics Research (CLEAR) is a 58-item reporting guideline designed specifically for radiomics. It aims to improve the quality of reporting in radiomics research 1. CLEAR is endorsed by the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Society of Medical I...

Temozolomide

Temozolomide is an oral chemotherapeutic drug primarily used in the treatment of astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and glioblastomas, often in conjunction with radiotherapy (Stupp protocol). Mechanism of action Temozolomide is an alkylating agent. It adds a methyl group to the purine bases of D...

Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)

O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a DNA repair enzyme that is important in predicting the effects of alkylating chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. temozolomide) in the treatment of high-grade gliomas (astrocytomas and glioblastomas). Mechanism of action MGMT is an enzyme that removes...

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a common, chronic gynecological condition defined as the presence of functional endometrial glands and stroma-like lesions outside the uterus. It manifests in three ways: superficial (peritoneal) disease, ovarian disease (endometriomas), and deep endometriosis. Endometriosis is...

Radiomics quality score

The radiomics quality score (RQS) assesses the characteristics and, ultimately, the quality of a radiomics study, including its reporting. The score has thirty-six potential points given based on sixteen criteria, with a score of thirty-six indicating superlative quality. The criteria emphasize ...

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) may be seen as part of widespread involvement in patients with disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis or more frequently as a distinct entity in young adult smokers. This article focuses on the latter. Epidemiology Pulmonary Langerhans cell h...

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS), also known as folliculin gene-associated syndrome, is a multi-system disease characterized by: cutaneous manifestations, typically fibrofolliculomas multiple lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothoraces increased risk of renal tumors, typically chromophobe oncocyt...

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a low-grade destructive metastasizing PEComatous tumor 1 resulting from the proliferation of LAM cells in the lung, kidney and axial lymphatics. The disease is caused by mutations of the TSC2 or TSC1 genes and is more commonly sporadic rather than inherited. Cys...

Light chain deposition disease (pulmonary manifestations)

Pulmonary light chain deposition disease is a rare manifestation of systemic light chain deposition disease (LCDD). Pathology Fragments of immunoglobulin light chains secreted by a plasma clone are deposited as amorphous eosinophilic material in the alveolar walls, small airways, and vessels 2...

Cystic lung disease

Cystic lung disease is an umbrella term used to group the conditions coursing with multiple lung cysts. Clinical presentation The clinical presentation is an important clue to the differential diagnosis of cystic lung diseases 12. Diseases that present with insidious dyspnea or spontaneous p...

Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia

Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), also known as lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by lymphocyte predominant infiltration of the lungs. It is classified as a subtype of interstitial lung disease. It also falls under the umbrella of n...

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (skeletal manifestations)

The skeleton is the most commonly involved organ system in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and is by far the most common location for single-lesion LCH, often referred to as eosinophilic granuloma (EG) (the terms are used interchangeably in this article). For a general discussion of this dis...

Corpus callosum

The corpus callosum (plural: corpora callosa) is the largest of the commissural fibers, linking the cerebral cortex of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It is the largest white matter tract in the brain. Summary located inferior to the cerebral cortices, and superior to the thalamus co...

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