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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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CheckList for EvaluAtion of Radiomics research (CLEAR)

The CheckList for Evaluation of Radiomics Research (CLEAR) is a 58-item reporting guideline designed specifically for radiomics. It aims to improve the quality of reporting in radiomics research 1. CLEAR is endorsed by the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Society of Medical I...

Temozolomide

Temozolomide is an oral chemotherapeutic drug primarily used in the treatment of astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and glioblastomas, often in conjunction with radiotherapy (Stupp protocol). Mechanism of action Temozolomide is an alkylating agent. It adds a methyl group to the purine bases of D...

Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)

O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a DNA repair enzyme that is important in predicting the effects of alkylating chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. temozolomide) in the treatment of high-grade gliomas (astrocytomas and glioblastomas). Mechanism of action MGMT is an enzyme that removes...

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a common, chronic gynecological condition defined as the presence of functional endometrial glands and stroma-like lesions outside the uterus. It manifests in three ways: superficial (peritoneal) disease, ovarian disease (endometriomas), and deep endometriosis. Endometriosis is...

Radiomics quality score

The radiomics quality score (RQS) assesses the characteristics and, ultimately, the quality of a radiomics study, including its reporting. The score has thirty-six potential points given based on sixteen criteria, with a score of thirty-six indicating superlative quality. The criteria emphasize ...

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) may be seen as part of widespread involvement in patients with disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis or more frequently as a distinct entity in young adult smokers. This article focuses on the latter. Epidemiology Pulmonary Langerhans cell h...

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS), also known as folliculin gene-associated syndrome, is a multi-system disease characterized by: cutaneous manifestations, typically fibrofolliculomas multiple lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothoraces increased risk of renal tumors, typically chromophobe oncocyt...

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a low-grade destructive metastasizing PEComatous tumor 1 resulting from the proliferation of LAM cells in the lung, kidney and axial lymphatics. The disease is caused by mutations of the TSC2 or TSC1 genes and is more commonly sporadic rather than inherited. Cys...

Light chain deposition disease (pulmonary manifestations)

Pulmonary light chain deposition disease is a rare manifestation of systemic light chain deposition disease (LCDD). Pathology Fragments of immunoglobulin light chains secreted by a plasma clone are deposited as amorphous eosinophilic material in the alveolar walls, small airways, and vessels 2...

Cystic lung disease

Cystic lung disease is an umbrella term used to group the conditions coursing with multiple lung cysts. Clinical presentation The clinical presentation is an important clue to the differential diagnosis of cystic lung diseases 12. Diseases that present with insidious dyspnea or spontaneous p...

Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia

Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), also known as lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by lymphocyte predominant infiltration of the lungs. It is classified as a subtype of interstitial lung disease. It also falls under the umbrella of n...

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (skeletal manifestations)

The skeleton is the most commonly involved organ system in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and is by far the most common location for single-lesion LCH, often referred to as eosinophilic granuloma (EG) (the terms are used interchangeably in this article). For a general discussion of this dis...

Corpus callosum

The corpus callosum (plural: corpora callosa) is the largest of the commissural fibers, linking the cerebral cortex of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It is the largest white matter tract in the brain. Summary located inferior to the cerebral cortices, and superior to the thalamus co...

Inferior vena cava obstruction

Inferior vena cava obstruction, also known as inferior vena cava syndrome, refers to the clinical manifestations occurring as a result of any blockage in the inferior vena cava. It can occur due to external compression, thrombosis of inferior vena cava or iatrogenic placement of filters 1. Certa...

COVID-19

For a quick reference guide, please see our COVID-19 summary article. COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus. The first cases were seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 before ...

Niacin (vitamin B3) excess

In general taking large doses of water-soluble vitamins has not been found to have a deleterious clinical effect. However niacin (vitamin B3) excess can be problematic, usually when greater than 100 mg niacin is taken per day. To put this in context the recommended daily allowance (RDA) in the U...

Hypervitaminosis D

Hypervitaminosis D (also known as vitamin D toxicity (VDT)) is very rare, and is usually secondary to exogenous administration of megadoses of vitamin D over long periods. Clinically it manifests as the clinical sequelae of chronic hypercalcemia. Epidemiology Incidence is unknown, however inte...

Glucagon

Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone central to the regulation of glucose homeostasis, acting as an antagonist to insulin. In imaging, it is used as an antiperistaltic agent in GI studies, although its clinical efficacy is controversial. Structure Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide hormone ...

Pulmonary infarction

Pulmonary infarction is one of the key complications of pulmonary embolism (PE). Epidemiology Pulmonary infarction occurs in the minority (10-15%) of patients with PE 1. Although in a necropsy study of those with lethal PE, 60% of cases developed infarction 2. Historically it was thought tha...

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are the most common primary malignancy of the nasopharynx. They are of squamous cell origin. Some types are strongly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Epidemiology Nasopharyngeal carcinoma accounts for ~70% of all primary malignancies of the nasophar...

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