Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
538 results found
Article
Hypersensitivity reaction
Hypersensitivity reactions are the immunological response to both exogenous and endogenous antigens, and form the basis for many diseases.
Pathology
Classification
Using the Gell and Coombs' classification, there are four types of hypersensitivity reactions, each mediated by a different mech...
Article
Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System
Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System (CAC-DRS) is a structured reporting scheme for all non-contrast CT scans in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, which can help in communication between clinicians and radiologists. These guidelines have been recommended by the Society of C...
Article
Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures
The Anderson and Montesano classification is a widely used system for describing occipital condyle fractures. It divides injuries into three types based on morphology and mechanism of injury 1-5.
Classification
type I: impacted type occipital condyle fracture
morphology: comminution of the co...
Article
Stanford classification of aortic dissection
The Stanford classification, along with the DeBakey classification, is used to separate aortic dissections into those that need surgical repair, and those that usually require only medical management 7.
Both the Stanford and DeBakey systems can be used to describe all forms of an acute aortic s...
Article
Ciliopathies
Ciliopathies refer to diseases due to malfunctioning cilia (singular: cilium). Cilia are organelles that are external extensions of the cell membrane. Cilia fall into two main types: primary (or immotile) cilia and motile cilia.
Clinical presentation
Primary cilia are found in virtually every...
Article
Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US)
The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US) forms the ultrasound component of the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS). This system aims to ensure that there are uniform unambiguous sonographic evaluations of ovarian or other adnexal lesions, accurately ass...
Article
Classification of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
The new pathological classification of DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) is based on cytonuclear atypia, degree of necrosis, size, and distance from margin/architecture. Low and intermediate grades DCIS require cytologic, architectural and size criteria to be met but high-grade DCIS requires only ...
Article
Hamate fracture (classification)
Hamate fractures are an uncommon form of carpal bone fractures and only account for 1-2% of such fractures.
Classification
Hamate fractures usually get subdivided into two broad groups: hook fractures and body fractures.
Classification of hamate fractures:
type 1: hook of hamate fractur...
Article
Residual tumor classification
Residual tumor classification, also known as R classification, defines how complete the resection of a malignancy has been at surgery. It has an important prognostic implication.
Classification
R0: no residual tumor
R1: microscopic residual tumor
R2: macroscopic residual tumor
An R0 resecti...
Article
Müllerian duct anomaly classification
The Müllerian duct anomaly classification is a seven-class system that can be used to describe a number of embryonic Müllerian duct anomalies:
class I: uterine agenesis/uterine hypoplasia
a: vaginal (uterus: normal/variety of abnormal forms)
b: cervical
c: fundal
d: tub...
Article
CT colonography reporting and data system
CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS) is a method for standardizing CT colonography (CTC) reporting. The current revision is 2023 5.
Terminology
A polyp is defined as a homogenous soft tissue attenuation lesion projecting into the colonic lumen with a fixed point of attachment to ...
Article
Diagnostic HRCT criteria for usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern - ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT (2018)
As a part of international evidence-based guidelines adopted by a collaborative effort of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS), the Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS), and the Latin American Thoracic Association (ALAT), specific diagnostic HRCT criteria for...
Article
Perugini grading scale
The Perugini grading scale is a semi-quantitative method of scoring cardiac uptake following injection of 99mTc-DPD, 99mTc-Pyrophosphate or 99mTc-HMDP scintigraphy in the investigation of cardiac amyloidosis (particularly ATTR amyloidosis). The grading scale visually compares tracer uptake in th...
Article
Raymond–Roy occlusion classification of intracranial aneurysms
The Raymond–Roy occlusion classification (RROC) is an angiographic classification scheme for grading the occlusion of endovascularly treated intracranial aneurysms 1. It is also known as the Raymond class, Montreal scale or the Raymond Montreal scale.
class I: complete obliteration
class II: r...
Article
Lie classification of vasculitis
The Lie classification of vasculitis was proposed in 1994 1.
Classification
Primary vasculitides
affecting large, medium, and small blood vessels (see large vessel vasculitides)
Takayasu arteritis
temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
isolated angiitis of the central nervous system
H...
Article
Conotruncal cardiac anomalies
Conotruncal heart defects are a group of congenital cardiovascular anomalies involving the outflow tracts and great vessels. They are a leading cause of symptomatic cyanotic cardiac disease diagnosed in utero.
Epidemiology
They may account for up to a fifth of all congenital cardiac anomalies ...
Article
International Myeloma Working Group response criteria
The International Myeloma Working Group response criteria are consensus definitions used to assess response to treatment of multiple myeloma. With the latest version published in 2016, the criteria have been widely adopted for classifying responses in clinical trials and in routine practice 1. I...
Article
Lateral humeral condyle fracture
Lateral humeral condyle fractures also referred to simply as lateral condyle fractures (in the appropriate context), are relatively common elbow fractures that predominantly occur in children. They may be subtle but are hugely important to diagnose promptly because if they are missed, they tend ...
Article
AAST spleen injury scale
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) splenic injury scale, revised in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for splenic trauma.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury 4...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma grading
Transitional cell carcinomas of the urothelium are graded histologically as follows:
transitional cell papilloma
benign tumor, not a carcinoma but sometimes included in classification systems
carcinoma in situ
do not penetrate the basement membrane
cells resemble those of grade II or III t...
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