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Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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CEUS LI-RADS

The Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (CEUS LI-RADS) is a standardized classification system, algorithm, and terminology for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk patients using CEUS with blood-pool intravenous contrast agents. The current ver...

LI-RADS US Surveillance

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Ultrasound Surveillance (LI-RADS US Surveillance) is a standardized system with recommendations for imaging technique, interpretation and reporting for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using unenhanced ultrasound in patients at high risk for ...

Bowel and mesenteric trauma injury grading

A number of bowel and mesenteric injury grading systems have been proposed and validated for trauma to the bowel and/or mesentery based on CT and clinical parameters. Classifications RAPTOR 1 The RAdiographic Predictors of Therapeutic intervention score predicts the need for early therapeutic...

CT/MRI LI-RADS

CT/MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is an algorithm for diagnosing and staging hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (CT/MRI Diagnostic LI-RADS) or assessing the response of HCC to locoregional treatment (CT/MRI Treatment Response LI-RADS) using CT or MRI with extracellular contras...

Anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies

The anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies is used to classify limb deficiencies. The anatomic classification is proposed to systematically classify all congenital limb reduction defects and avoid terminology that can be considered imprecise or derogatory 1. This system is cur...

SRU management guidelines for gallbladder polyps

The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) consensus recommendation for the management of incidentally detected gallbladder polyps was published in 2021 1. Usage The SRU consensus recommendation is one of many guidelines for the management of incidentally detected gallbladder polyps. The ...

Penetrating trauma

Penetrating trauma is a type of trauma in which a foreign body or bodies penetrate the skin, create a wound and injure the deeper tissues. The foreign body can remain in the patient or can exit the patient, either through the same entry wound (e.g. knife stabbing) or via a separate exit wound (t...

Bern score

The Bern score is a predictive score derived from brain MRI findings in patients with suspected spontaneous intracranial hypotension. It stratifies patients into high, intermediate or low probability of finding a spinal CSF leak/CSF-venous fistula at myelography 1,2,4. Usage The Bern score hel...

Jefferson classification

The Jefferson classification of atlas (C1) fractures describes the sites of fracture. Classification The original Jefferson classification had descriptions without numbers 1. The types were later assigned to numbers by some authors but the order has been inconsistent 2,3. Therefore, referring ...

Classification systems of Charcot arthropathy

There are several classification systems used to classify Charcot arthropathy. The Eichenholtz classification of Charcot arthropathy is one such classification and uses a temporal-based approach 1. Another classification system is the Brodsky classification which uses an anatomical approach 1. B...

Lichtman classification of Kienböck disease

The Lichtman classification is the most used classification system when assessing Kienböck disease. The Lichtman classification is proposed to guide management and assess prognosis. Classification stage 0: prenecrotic stage I: normal radiograph, osteonecrosis noticeable on MRI or bone scan ...

Classification of Ebstein anomaly

There are several classification systems for Ebstein anomaly, the most commonly used are the Carpentier classification (anatomical classification) and the Celermajer index or the Great Ormond Street Echocardiography (GOSE) score for neonates. These classification systems are crucial for determi...

Baker classification of acetabular erosion in hip hemiarthroplasty

The Baker classification of acetabular erosion in hip hemiarthroplasty is commonly used to grade severity 1-3. Classification Acetabular erosion is assessed on frontal radiographs 1: grade 0: no erosion grade 1: narrowing of the articular cartilage, no erosion grade 2: acetabular bone erosi...

Unified classification system for periprosthetic fractures

The unified classification system (UCS) is used for periprosthetic fractures. The classification is proposed to standardize the classification of periprosthetic fractures and provide a guide to the management of these fractures regardless of the broken bone or the joint affected 1-4. The class...

Pyelolithiasis

Pyelolithiasis is calculus or calculi located centrally within the renal pelvis. Terminology Other terminologies that may be used interchangeably with pyelolithiasis to refer to these calculi include renal stones, urolithiasis, and nephrolithiasis. A calculus located within the renal calyx can...

Zone classification of extensor tendon injury

The zone classification of extensor tendon injuries divides injuries into zones based on anatomical location. The zone classification is proposed to guide the management of these injuries and predict possible outcomes. Classification Flexor tendon injuries were initially classified into eight...

Barkovich classification of agenesis of the corpus callosum with interhemispheric cyst

The Barkovich classification of agenesis of the corpus callosum with interhemispheric cyst divides interhemispheric cysts that are diagnosed in individuals with concurrent agenesis of the corpus callosum into two types based on the presence or absence of communication with the ventricular system...

DeLee and Charnley and Gruen zones

DeLee and Charnley and Gruen classified the radiolucent lines between the total hip arthroplasty and the bone seen on the AP and lateral views of the operated hip in three acetabular zones and seven femoral zones, respectively. Loosening induces the formation of a fibrous or 'synovial-like' mem...

West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament

The West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) was created to describe avulsion injuries of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL). Classification This classification has six types of lesions divided into two categories based on anterior or posterior i...

Hamada classification of massive rotator cuff tears

The Hamada classification divides the x-ray features of massive rotator cuff tears into five grades. Subsequently, Walch subdivided grade 4 into two subtypes 1,2. Classification Hamada classification with Walch modification of rotator cuff tear arthropathy 1,3: grade 1: acromiohumeral interva...

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