Articles
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202 results found
Article
Triplane fracture
Triplane or triplanar fractures are of the distal tibia only occurring in adolescents. As the physiological closure of the physeal plate begins medially, the lateral (open) physis is prone to this type of fracture. Most authors regard it as a type 4 Salter-Harris fracture.
It comprises of:
a ...
Article
AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries
The AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries is a commonly used thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification system 1,2.
The AO Spine system (2013) supercedes the more complex and less reproducible AO Magerl classification 3. Unlike the other widely used system, the thoracolumbar injur...
Article
Magerl classification of thoracolumbar spinal fractures (historical)
The Magerl classification, one of many thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, was adopted as the original AO classification in 1994 but has since then been superseded: see the AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries.
Usage
Although the Magerl classification is based on...
Article
Garden classification of subcapital femoral neck fractures
The Garden classification of subcapital femoral neck fractures describes femoral neck fracture displacement and aims to assist in clinical decision-making to reduce the rates of non-union and osteonecrosis 1,2,4.
Usage
The Garden classification is the most commonly used system (c.2018) despit...
Article
Frykman classification of distal radial fractures
The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal u...
Article
Occipital condyle fracture
Occipital condylar fractures are uncommon injuries usually resulting from high-energy blunt trauma. They are considered a specific type of basilar skull fracture, and importantly can be seen along with craniocervical dissociation.
Treatment of isolated injury is generally conservative, unless t...
Article
Winquist and Hansen classification of femoral shaft fractures
The Winquist and Hansen classification of femoral shaft fractures is based on fracture comminution and stability.
Usage
The Winquist system is commonly used along with the AO/OTA classification of femoral diaphyseal fractures 4.
This classification was originally used to assist (along with ot...
Article
AO/OTA classification of proximal tibial fractures
The AO/OTA classification is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying proximal tibial fractures or proximal tibial end segment fractures. Like other fractures, they are divided into three groups subject to the severity and complexity of the respective injury 1:
type A: extraartic...
Article
AO/OTA classification of distal femur fractures
The AO/OTA classification of distal femoral fractures is a commonly used fracture classification system in orthopedic trauma.
Classification
In the AO/OTA classification system, the distal femur system's prefix is 33, indicating the femur (3) and the distal portion of the femur (3) 1. Each lo...
Article
ARCO classification of femoral head osteonecrosis
The ARCO classification (Association Research Circulation Osseous classification) is one of the staging systems used to assess femoral head osteonecrosis. It was created in 1994 and periodically revised. The revision from 2019 2 includes using radiographs and MRIs.
Classification
stage 0
pla...
Article
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis (plural: spondylolistheses) denotes the slippage of one vertebra relative to the one below.
Terminology
Although etymologically, it is directionless (see below) and could be applied to both anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis, in practice, spondylolisthesis is used synonymous...
Article
Meyerding classification of spondylolisthesis
The Meyerding classification of spondylolisthesis grades the severity of the slip.
Usage
This classification was originally developed for anterolistheses but can be adapted for retrolistheses, and some publications have done so 3.
Classification
To determine the grade of spondylolisthesis us...
Article
Wiltse classification of spondylolisthesis
The Wilste classification of spondylolisthesis is based on the etiology of the slip but does not grade severity nor assist with management 1,2.
Usage
Typically, when reporting studies with spondylolisthesis, the Wiltse type is merely described without referring to its number, whereas the grad...
Article
Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures
The Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures is probably the most frequently used system along with the AO classification of proximal humeral fractures. The terminology and factors which influence the classification are essential for the utility of radiology reports of proximal humeral ...
Article
McAfee classification of thoracolumbar spinal fractures
McAfee classification of acute traumatic spinal injuries is one of a number of thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems and is based on the three-column concept of the spine (of Denis). It requires CT for an accurate assessment.
Usage
Unlike the more common formal and widely used c...
Article
Genant classification of vertebral fractures
The Genant classification of vertebral fractures is based on the vertebral shape, with respect to vertebral height loss involving the anterior, posterior, and/or middle vertebral body as seen on lateral radiographs of the thoracic or lumbar spine 1.
Usage
The Genant classification has been use...
Article
Wright and Cofield classification of postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures
The Wright and Cofield classification system can be used for postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures. Humeral periprosthetic fractures may be intraoperative (~60%) or postoperative (~40%) shoulder arthroplasty complications, which can lead to loosening and migration of the prosthesis 1,3....
Article
Keifhaber-Stern classification of volar plate avulsion injuries
The Keifhaber-Stern classification can be used to classify volar plate avulsion injuries of the fingers.
Usage
Along with the Eaton classification, this classification is considered (c. 2016) one of the most useful for the management of volar plate avulsion injuries 2.
For Keifhaber-Stern cl...
Article
Eaton classification of volar plate avulsion injury
The Eaton classification can be used to classify volar plate avulsion injuries of the fingers.
Usage
Along with the Keifhaber-Stern classification, this classification is considered (c. 2016) one of the most useful classifications for the management of volar plate avulsion injuries 2.
Knowle...
Article
Rockwood classification of acromioclavicular joint injury
The Rockwood classification (1998) is the most commonly used (c.2024) classification system in use for acromioclavicular joint injuries 3,8,9.
Usage
This well-known 6-type system is a modification of the earlier 3-class classification system described by Allman (1967) 2 and Tossy (1963). The ...
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