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Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolisthesis (plural: spondylolistheses) denotes the slippage of one vertebra relative to the one below. Terminology Although etymologically, it is directionless (see below) and could be applied to both anterolisthesis and retrolisthesis, in practice, spondylolisthesis is used synonymous...

Epidural spinal cord compression scale

The epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC) scale, sometimes known eponymously as the Bilsky scale, is used to assess the degree to which vertebral body metastasis compromises the spinal canal and whether cord compression is present. It may serve as a guide as to when intervention (radiotherapy ...

Lumbar spinal stenosis (grading)

Lumbar spinal stenosis grading refers to systems for classifying the severity of lumbar spinal canal stenosis, especially the central zone, around the cauda equina nerve roots. Overview There are multiple systems for grading lumbar spinal stenosis in the central zone. The simplest classificati...

Intervertebral disc disease nomenclature

Intervertebral disc disease nomenclature has changed over the years, and a familiarity with current definitions is essential if clear communication is to be achieved via radiology reports or referrals, especially as lumbar disc disease is a common problem and a source of a great deal of imaging....

Modified Memphis criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury

The modified Memphis criteria are a set of screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) in trauma. The presence of one or more of these criteria makes necessary a complementary CTA or DSA study to exclude a BCVI. The screening protocol criteria for BCVI are: base of skull fractur...

Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Center score

The Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC) score is a classification system for grading acute traumatic spinal cord injury based on the axial extent of intramedullary signal abnormality on T2 weighted MRI. Classification The BASIC score is an ordinal scale that is graded 0 to 4 1: BASIC 0 (no...

Borden classification of dural arteriovenous fistulas

The Borden classification of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) groups these lesions into three types based upon the site of venous drainage and the presence or absence of cortical venous drainage. It was first proposed in 1995 1. At the time of writing (July 2016), it is probably less popular ...

Castellvi classification of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae

The Castellvi classification is used for lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV): type I: enlarged and dysplastic transverse process (at least 19 mm) Ia: unilateral Ib: bilateral type II: pseudoarticulation of the transverse process and sacrum with incomplete lumbarization/sacralization; en...

ASAS classification criteria - active sacroiliitis on MRI

The Assessment in SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria, published in 2009 1 with the revised 2016 consensus definition of a positive MRI (i.e. active sacroiliitis) still in use in 2019 6, utilizes imaging features of the sacroiliac joints on x-ray and MRI as one...

Lumbar nerve root anomaly classification

There are a number of systems for lumbar nerve root anomaly classification with the Neidre and MacNab classification the most commonly cited; other systems include the Postacchini classification, and the Kadish and Simmons classification 2. Classification Neidre and MacNab classification modif...

AO Spine classification of subaxial injuries

The AO Spine classification of subaxial injuries aims to simplify and universalise the classification of subaxial cervical spine fractures and improve interobserver and intraobserver reliability. Usage Although its existence is widely known among the relevant subspecialty groups, its day-to-da...

Risser staging system

The Risser staging system is used to grade skeletal maturity based on the level of ossification and fusion of the iliac crest apophyses. It is used primarily in planning corrective surgery for scoliosis as a marker for skeletal maturity, which is a surrogate for growth velocity and potential, wh...

AO Spine classification systems

The AO Spine classification systems is a group of imaging morphology-based classification system, combined with clinical factors for injury of spinal trauma. It is designed to be a simple and reproducible method of describing injury patterns 1-3. AO Spine has published four injury classificatio...

AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries

The AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries is a commonly used thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification system 1,2. The current AO Spine system (2013) supercedes the more complex and less reproducible AO Magerl classification 3. Unlike the other widely used system, the thoracolumb...

AO Spine classification of sacral injuries

The AO Spine classification of sacral injuries aims to simplify and universalise the process of classifying sacral injuries and improve interobserver and intraobserver reliability. The AO Spine sacral classification is broken into three subsections that follow a hierarchical structure similar t...

AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries

The AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries is a concise and comprehensive system for categorizing the spectrum of traumatic bony and ligamentous injuries involving the occipital condyles, atlas (C1), or axis (C2). Usage The AO Spine upper cervical classification system is relativel...

Magerl classification of thoracolumbar spinal fractures (historical)

The Magerl classification, one of many thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, was adopted as the original AO classification in 1994 but has since then been superseded: see the current AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries. Usage Although the Magerl classification is ...

Allen and Ferguson classification of subaxial cervical spine injuries

Allen and Ferguson classification is used for research purposes to classify subaxial spine injuries and is based purely on the mechanism of injury and position of the neck during injury. This classification was proposed by Allen and Ferguson in 1982 1 and at the time of writing (February 2024)...

Anderson and D'Alonzo classification of odontoid process fracture

The Anderson and D'Alonzo classification is the most commonly used classification of fractures of the odontoid process of C2 1. Another classification system is the Roy-Camille classification, which aids more in the management of odontoid fractures. Classification type I rare fracture of th...

Scheuermann disease

Scheuermann disease, also known as juvenile kyphosis, juvenile discogenic disease 11, or vertebral epiphysitis, is a common condition which results in kyphosis of the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine. The diagnosis is usually made on plain radiograph. Epidemiology occurs in ~5% (range 0.4-8%) o...

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